To What Extent Has The Globalization of The Mass Media Created a New Assignment

What exactly Extent Has The Globalization of The Mass Media Created a New Form of Global Consciousness or Identity - Assignment Example The way of life and personality which is trailed by individuals in a single nation vary from the way of life of different countries in different perspectives. Nonetheless, if there is association among the individuals having a place with various nations or societies, and significantly if there introduction of one culture to different societies through the ubiquitous media, there are chances that the local culture might be impacted by the way of life of different countries. This is the thing that happens as a result of globalization, prompting the rise of worldwide awareness or personality or multiculturalism. That is, as globalization and the resultant spread of broad communications causes and advances more collaboration and coordination between the individuals and subsequently their societies, it sort of makes and effects worldwide awareness or personality. Thus, this paper will talk about how the globalization of the broad communications made another type of worldwide awareness or character to a most extreme degree. Among the numerous monetary based developments, globalization is the one which had is as yet majorly affecting the financial improvement of numerous nations and its kin around the world. â€Å"The word globalization denotes a lot of advances in the worldwide political economy since the 1970s, where global types of the industrialist association started to be supplanted by transnational† (Appadurai, refered to in Meyer and Geschiere 1999, p307). The monetary piece of globalization is the key in light of the fact that with the entire world turning into a sort of worldwide town, boundaries between the nations are broken with joining happening predominantly in the financial angles. In this situation, outside associations especially media associations or houses, utilizing theâ globalization board, have entered and will likewise enter different parts of the organizations prompting the foundation of numerous ventures and accordingly affecting multiculturalism.â

The Drug Policy System In Portugal Criminology Essay

The Drug Policy System In Portugal Criminology Essay In opposition to well known accept, it isn't the Netherlands that has the most liberal medications law, it is really the Portugal. With its notoriety of being the principal European nation to abrogate all the criminal punishments for the individual ownership of medications (decriminalizing) and simultaneously empowering them to oversee and control their medication issue viably than each other nation in the West, it is difficult to deny that Portuguese is a model for tranquilize approach in the Europe. In this task, this will be talked about further top to bottom alongside the examinations of Portugal with the other (European) nations that has diverse medication strategies so as to help this contention. CONTENT There are various kinds of medication control strategy utilized by various nations everywhere throughout the world. There are the forbiddance of medications, the sanctioning lastly, the frameworks of medication strategy, (for example, decriminalization, hurt decrease and medicalisation). The preclusion of medications is principally done by nations, for example, Sweden, United States of America (USA) and Islamic nations where they condemned tranquilizes by punishing the medication client. The following strategy for sedate control, sanctioning of medications at this very moment are not yet done by any nations on the planet the same number of are for the most part against this thought. Nonetheless, Uruguay has proposed the legitimizing of pot so as to stop sedate dealers issue in their nation (Cave, 2012). The other medication control technique is an arrangement of medication strategy change that is finished by Portugal which is to be concentrated in this article. This medication arrang ement change framework comprises of three viewpoints which are the decriminalization of medications, looking the medication issue in a clinical point of view (medicalisation) and furthermore hurt decrease projects to bring down the mischief done by sedate use. Some different nations that have additionally decriminalized sedate use are: Netherlands, Spain and Czech Republic, despite the fact that they are being completed distinctively in every nation. On the first of July 2001, Portugal started a critical uncommon arrangement change in its push to diminish the heightening number of medication clients and the issue identified with sedate use (especially during the 1990s-which this issue apparently worsened) in the nation. The leader of the new arrangement is to decriminalize the utilization and ownership of medications for individual use, presented as another law, Law 30/2000. Under this new law, the individual use and ownership of medications are made to be just managerial offenses instead of criminal offenses. Portugal in the liberal medication arrangement coupled its decriminalization with a general wellbeing reorientation with treatment and damage decrease put focal in managing its medication issue. This decriminalization likewise isolates the medication client from the criminal equity framework by distinguishing the medication client as patient, a wellbeing and social issue. Furthermore, the medication client won't have any criminal record for their medication offenses but instead, a regulatory offense. This recognizes the medication approach from Spain where the arrangement is true decriminalization where the medication client will at present be decided by the criminal court. The derision emerges from conviction of criminal onto the medication client is the thing that that Portuguese strategy expressly intends to turn away. This medicalisation see simultaneously is likewise an extraordinary measure to enable the general public to out with the end goal for it to create as the impacts of criminal conviction on the medication client will clearly be entangled once they are back in the general public, for example, as far as looking for business and furthermore, the loss of the medication clients social regard and companions or family (Pager, 2003). Along with that, the evasion of disgrace to the medication clients will likewise make them bound to look for treatment and in the long run have a superior opportunity to succeed. In managing the authoritative offenses, every one of the eighteen locale in Portugal will have at any rate one board of trustees that manages tranquilize use in that region ( in any case, bigger ones will have more than one panel). All in all, the boards of trustees will comprise of three individuals; two individuals from the clinical part (doctors, therapists, specialists, or social laborers) and another with a legitimate foundation. They are additionally also called the Commissions for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction (Comissã µes para a Dissuasã £o da Toxicodependã ªncia), the CDTs. Individuals who are found possessing medications will be alluded to the CDTs by the police. The individual will at that point be required to show up before the CDT inside 72 hours after found by the police. The CDTs use focused on reactions to medicate clients, including authorizations, for example, network administration, fines, suspension of expert licenses and bans on going to assigned spots. In any case, their essential point is to deter new medication clients and to urge subordinate medication clients to enter treatment. Towards this end they decide if people are intermittent or subordinate medication clients and afterward apply a proper authorization (Hughes and Stevens, 2007). In any case, the board of trustees can't order necessary treatment, despite the fact that its direction is to actuate addicts to enter and stay in treatment. Also, in light of the fact that the advisory groups will see the clients more than once, they would develop a relationship of trust with the someone who is addicted. This sort of treatment to the medication client is bound to succeed as opposed to different techniques as the medication client enter the specialist quiet relationship on a willful premise and they are likewise given the decision to continue with it or not, henceforth enabling them (Merril et al, 2002). This is done any other way in different nations, for example, in Sweden, wher e treatment is very unavailable as medication clients will be bound to be given punishment for tranquilize offenses and can just experience free treatment by applying to their neighborhood social government assistance board, however since the treatment is costly, just a couple a large number of utilizations are affirmed each year because of constrained assets (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2007). Notwithstanding its medicalisation see and the law changes done by Portugal to battle its medication use issue, hurt decrease programs were likewise observed to be placed focal in their new medication strategy. Medication treatment in Portugal can be characterized into four fundamental classifications the outpatient sedate treatment, the day care focuses, the detoxification units and the restorative networks. The entirety of the inside give both psychosocial and replacement treatment. Day focuses offering outpatient care and withdrawal treatment are given by both open and non-legislative administrations. Inpatient psychosocial treatment generally comprises of helpful networks and is basically accessible in private administrations. There is likewise present moment and long haul private psychosocial medicate treatment gave (The European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2011). Starting at 2011, there are around 40 undertakings that manage medicate clients so as to make th e medication use action more secure (Vale de Andrade and Carapinha, 2010). As damage decrease recognizes that the medication clients are as a rule unfit to go on forbearance yet at the same time should be helped, the normal strategies to lessen hurt comprises of the accompanying: needle trade program so as to diminish the inescapable dangers regularly connected with needle sharing, (for example, HIV) and furthermore, unique assigned infusion destinations with clinical oversight to teach sedate clients the more secure infusion procedures and to get them off the roads. Moreover, methadone and buprenorphineâ subscriptions are likewise utilized in order to help road heroin someone who is addicted in decrease of their number by controling desires (Christie et al, 2008). This proportion of mischief decrease and medicines gave by the nation has considered a to be result as there have been huge decreases in Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C for individuals in the treatment and furthermore, betwe en the year 1999 2003 there was a 17% decrease in warnings of new, tranquilize related instances of HIV (Beagrie, 2011). The impact of decriminalizing additionally expanded the quantity of individuals going in looking for the treatment intentionally. The treatment will likewise happen quicker and increment the viability as the medication clients don't need to sit tight for the long procedure experiencing law requirements, for example, that in Sweden and Spain. Despite the fact that the disallowance of medication ownership is done through managerial guideline, as opposed to criminal punishments, one of the numerous 13 targets of the procedure, is to build the implementation of laws denying dealing and appropriation of medications in Portugal (Moreira et al, 2007). Under the steady gaze of the new medication law was presented in 2001, the time and assets of the equity framework were enormously extended when entrusted with fighting medication utilization. For example, in 2000, 7592 charges for medicate utilization were made by police, putting a gigantic strain on the courts and jails. One year after the strategy changes, 6026 clients, rather than experiencing the customary course of arraignment and detainment, were alluded to prevention gatherings. This not just diminished the weight on the equity framework, yet in addition permitted the police to concentrate on the genuine crooks in the medication business. Charges for dealing expanded by 11 % when contrasted with the four years preceding decriminalization (Hughes and Stevens, 2007) and the police had the option to target dealers rather than low level clients. By joining decriminalization with elective helpful/instructive reactions to medicate reliance, the weight of medication law requirement on the general criminal equity framework is significantly reduced (Beckley Foundation, 2012). Besides as per look into, tranquilize treatment is the most financially savvy method of tending to medicate issue contrast with detaining the medication client which is over the top expensive. Besides, medicate treatment was seen as ready to cut wrongdoing by 80%, other than its capacity to help the societys wellbeing by diminishing the danger of contracting drug related infection, for example, HIV and hepatitis. Be that as it may, this poli

Theme of Family in Works of Louise Erdrich and Sherman Alexie

Theme of Family in Works of Louise Erdrich and Sherman Alexie Theme of Family in the Poem Dear John and the Short Story Oct 30, 2018 in Literature Theme of Family Values in a Poem and Short Story Family is the most actual subject for poems, short stories and novels. It is broad in its meaning and can include family issues, family values, traditions, customs, and relationships between family members. Without a doubt, every author has his/her attitude to family issues, and this refers to their origin, education, growing and family values. Therefore, the poem Dear John Wayne written by Louise Erdrich and the short story War Dances by Sherman Alexie are the objects for analysis of the family theme. This essay intends to explain the ways of revealing the family values in a poem and short story.

Biochemical Testing Bacteria Species Based On Their...

Introduction: Biochemical tests are used to identify bacteria species based on their differences in their biochemical activities of different bacteria. To differentiate one bacteria from another, each species of bacteria has a well-defined set of metabolic activities. Bacteria can be differentiated in many ways. They can be based on structural differences or metabolic differences. Structurally, the Gram stain is the most fundamental technique in identifying bacterial species and was developed by Christian Gram in 1884. Gram negative bacteria can be distinguished from Gram positive with the presence of LPS, lipopolysaccharide and a thinner peptidoglycan layer which doesn’t retain crystal violet as well. For this experiment, an unknown bacterium was identified from a list of 32 clinically significant bacteria. It was first isolated onto a TSA plate and then through a series of differential and selective tests were performed to determine its identity to be Klebsiella ozaenae. Materials and Methods: Dichotomous Key Preparation: A tree diagram was constructed for the 32 clinically significant bacteria. From this tree diagram, a dichotomous key was created to identify the unknown provided by the instructor. Culture Isolation: A suspension containing mixture of an unknown bacteria was streaked on a Blood agar (BA) plate and incubated overnight at 35 °C for single colony isolation. Through streak plate isolation, a single colony of bacteria was picked up from the plate and streakedShow MoreRelatedGeneral Unknown . Introduction: . The General Unknown Lab1482 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral Unknown Introduction: The general unknown lab combines methods and ideas around biochemical and physiological activities of microorganisms for the identification of unknown pure culture samples of gram positive and negative bacteria. 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Community Profile Essay - 4424 Words

UNIVERSITY OF TEESSIDE SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE BSc (Hons) Nursing Studies, Adult The Role of the Nurse in Improving Health and Wellbeing (CCH1037-N-BJ1-2012) Community Profile Megan McCallion J9238068 Word Count: 3,704 Thursday 24th January 2013 Contents page Chapter One- Introduction........................................................................Page 3-4 Chapter Two – The Health Improvement Issue......................................Page 5-8 Chapter Three – Service Provision.........................................................Page 9-11 Chapter Four – The Role of the Nurse....................................................Page 12-13 Chapter Five –†¦show more content†¦Chapter Two – The Health Improvement Issue From the various studies, reports and statistics (many of which have been referenced and/or quoted in the Introduction) it is clearly evident that there are a number of different health improvement issues in the town of Middlesbrough. 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Carrie Chapter Five Free Essays

She would not break this time. But of course she did break. It took six hours but she broke, weeping and calling Momma to open the door and let her out. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrie Chapter Five or any similar topic only for you Order Now The need to urinate was terrible. The Black Man grinned at her with his jackal mouth, and his scarlet eyes knew all the secrets of woman-blood. An hour after Carrie began to call, Momma let her out. Carrie scrabbled madly for the bathroom. It was only now, three hours after that, sitting here with her head bowed over the sewing machine like a penitent, that she remembered the fear in Momma’s eyes and she thought she knew the reason why. There had been other times when Momma had kept her in the closet for as long as a day at a stretch-when she stole that forty-nine-cent finger ring from Shuber’s Five and Ten, the time she had found that picture of Flash Bobby Pickett under Carrie’s pillow – and Carrie had once fainted from the lack of food and the smell of her own waste. And she had never, never spoken back as she had done today. Today she had even said the Eff Word. Yet Momma had let her out almost as soon as she broke. There. The dress was done. She removed her feet from the treadle and held it up to look at it. It was long. And ugly. She hated it. She knew why Momma had let her out. ‘Momma, may I go to bed?’ ‘Yes.’ Momma did not look up from her doily. She folded the dress over her arm. She looked down at the sewing machine. All at once the treadle depressed itself. The needle began to dip up and down, catching the light in steely flashes. The bobbin whirred and jerked. The sidewheel spun. Momma’s head jerked up, her eyes wide. The looped matrix at the edge of her doily, wonderfully intricate yet at the same time as precise and even, suddenly fell in disarray. ‘Only clearing the thread,’ Carrie said softly. ‘Go to bed,’ Momma said curtly, and the fear was back in her eyes. ‘Yes, (she was afraid i’d knock the closet door right off its hinges) Momma,’ (and i think i could i think i could yes i think i could) From The Shadow Exploded (p. 58): Margaret White was born and raised in Motton, a small town which borders Chamberlain and sends its tuition students to Chamberlain’s junior and senior high schools. Her parents were fairly well-to-do; they owned a prosperous night spot just outside the Motton town limits called The Jolly Roadhouse. Margaret’s father, John Brigham, was killed in a barroom shooting incident in the summer of 1959. Margaret Brigham, who was then almost thirty, began attending fundamentalist prayer meetings. Her mother had become involved with a new man (Harold Alison, whom she later married) and they both wanted Margaret out of the house-she believed her mother, Judith, and Harold Alison were living in sin and made her views known frequently. Judith Brigham expected her daughter to remain a spinster the rest of her life. In the more pungent phraseology of her soon-to-be stepfather, ‘Margaret had a face like the ass end of a gasoline truck and a body to match.’ He also referred to her as ‘a little prayin’ Jesus.’ Margaret refused to leave until 1960, when she met Ralph White at a revival meeting. In September of that year she left the Brigham. residence in Motton and moved to a small flat in Chamberlain Centre. The courtship of Margaret Brigham, and Ralph White terminated in marriage on March 23, 1962. On April 3, 1962, Margaret White was admitted briefly to Westover Doctors Hospital. ‘Nope, she wouldn’t tell us what was wrong,’ Harold Alison said. ‘The one time we went to see her she told us we were living in adultery even though we were hitched, and we were going to hell. She said God had put an invisible mark on our foreheads, but she could see it. Acted crazy as a bat in a henhouse, she did. Her mom tried to be nice, tried to find out what the matter with her was. She got hysterical and started to rave about an angel with a sword who would walk through the parking lots of roadhouses and cut down the wicked. We left.’ Judith Alison, however, had at least an idea of what might have been wrong with her daughter; she thought that Margaret had gone through a miscarriage. If so, the baby was conceived out of wedlock. Confirmation of this would shed an interesting light on the character of Carrie’s mother. In a long and rather hysterical letter to her mother dated August 19, 1962, Margaret said that she and Ralph were living sinlessly, without ‘the Curse of Intercourse’. She urged Harold and Judith Alison to close their ‘abode of wickedness’ and do likewise. ‘It is,’ Margaret declares near the end of her letter, ‘the only [sic] way you That Man can avoid the Rain of Blood yet to come. Ralph I, like Mary Joseph, will neither know or polute [sic] each others flesh. If there is issue, let it be Divine.’ Of course, the calendar tells us that Carrie was conceived later that same year †¦ The girls dressed quietly for their Monday morning Period One gym class, with no horseplay or little screaming catcalls, and none of them were very surprised when Miss Desjardin slammed open the locker-room and walked in. Her silver whistle dangling between her small breasts, and if her shorts were the ones she had been wearing on Friday, no trace of Carrie’s bloody handprint remained. The girls continued to dress sullenly, not looking at her. ‘Aren’t you the bunch to send out for graduation,’ Miss Desjardin said softly. ‘When is it? A month? And the spring Ball even less than that. Most of you have your dates and gowns already, I bet. Sue, you’ll be going with Tommy Ross. Helen, Roy Evarts. Chris, I imagine you can take your pick. Who’s the lucky guy?’. ‘Billy Nolan,’ Chris Hargensen said sullenly. ‘Well, isn’t he the lucky one?’ Desjardin remarked. ‘What are you going to give him for a party favour, Chris, a bloody Kotex? Or how about some used toilet paper? I understand these things seem to be your sack these days.’ Chris went red. ‘I’m leaving. I don’t have to listen to that.’ Desjardin had not been able to get the image of Carrie out of her mind all weekend, Carrie screaming, blubbering, a wet napkin plastered squarely in the middle of her pubic hair-and her own sick, angry reaction. And now, as Chris tried to storm out past her, she reached out and slammed her against a row of dented, olive-coloured lockers beside the inner door. Chris’s eyes widened with shocked disbelief. Then a kind of insane rage filled her face. ‘You can’t hit us!’ she screamed. ‘You’ll get canned for this! See if you don’t, you bitch!’ The other girls winced and sucked breath and stared at the floor. It was getting out of hand. Sue noticed out of the corner of her eye that Fern and Donna Thibodeau were holding hands. ‘I don’t really care, Hargensen,’ Desjardin said. ‘If you or any of your girls – think I’m wearing my teacher hat right now, you’re making a bad mistake. I just want you all to know that you did a shitty thing on Friday. A really shitty thing.’ Chris Hargensen was sneering at the floor. The rest of the girls were looking miserably at anything but their gym instructor. Sue found herself looking into the shower stall – the scene of the crime – and jerked her glance elsewhere. None of them had ever heard a teacher call anything shitty before. ‘Did any of you stop to think that Carrie White has feelings? Do any of you ever stop to think? Sue? Fern? Helen? Jessica? Any of you? You think she’s ugly. Well, you’re all ugly. I saw it on Friday morning.’ Chris Hargensen was mumbling about her father being a lawyer. ‘Shutup!’ Desjardin yelled in her face. Chris recoiled so suddenly that her head struck the lockers behind her. She began to whine and rub her head. ‘One more remark out of you,’ Desjardin said softly, ‘and I’ll throw you across the room. Want to find out if I’m telling the truth?’ Chris, who had apparently decided she was dealing with a mad-woman, said nothing. Desjardin put her hands on her hips. ‘The office has decided on punishment for you girls. Not my punishment, I’m sorry to say. My idea was three days’ suspension and refusal of your prom tickets.’ Several girls looked at each other and muttered unhappily. ‘That would have hit you where you live,’ Desjardin continued, ‘Unfortunately, Ewen is staffed completely by men in its administration wing. I don’t believe they have any real conception of how utterly nasty what you did was. So. One week’s detention.’ Spontaneous sighs of relief. ‘But. It’s to be my detention. In the gym. And I’m going to run you ragged.’ ‘I won’t come,’ Chris said. Her lips had thinned across her teeth. ‘That’s up to you, Chris. That’s up to all of you. But punishment for skipping detention is going to be three days’ suspension and refusal of your prom tickets. Get the picture?’ No one said anything. ‘Right. Change up. And think about what I said.’ She left. Utter silence for a long and stricken moment. Then Chris Hargensen said with loud, hysterical stridency: ‘She can’t get away with it!’ She opened a door at random, pulled out a pair of sneakers and hurled them across the room. ‘I’m going to get her! Goddammit! Goddammit! See if I don’t! If we all stick together we..’ ‘Shut up, Chris,’ Sue said, and was shocked to hear a dead, adult lifelessness in her voice. ‘Just shut up.’ ‘This isn’t over,’ Chris Hargensen said, unzipping her skirt with a rough jab and reaching for her fashionably frayed green gym shorts. ‘This isn’t over by a long way.’ And she was right. From The Shadow Exploded (pp. 60-6 1): In the opinion of this researcher, a great many of the people who have researched the Carrie White matter – either for the scientific journals or for the popular press – have placed a mistaken emphasis on a relatively fruitless search for incidents of telekinesis in the girl’s childhood. To strike a rough analogy, this is like spending years researching the early incidents of masturbation in a rapist’s childhood. The spectacular incident of the stones serves as a kind of red herring in this respect. Many researchers have adopted the erroneous belief that where there has been one incident, there must be others. To offer another analogy, this is like dispatching a crew of meteor watchers to Crater National Park because a huge asteroid struck there two million years ago. To the best of my knowledge, there are no other recorded instances of TK in Carrie’s childhood. If Carrie had not been an only child, we might have at least hearsay reports of dozens of other minor occurrences. In the case of Andrea Kolintz (see Appendix II for a fuller history), we are told that, following a spanking for crawling out on the roof, ‘The medicine cabinet flew open, bottles fell to the floor or seemed to hurl themselves across the bathroom, doors flew open and slammed shut, and at the climax of the manifestation, a 300-pound stereo cabinet tipped over and records flew all over the living room, dive-bombing the occupants and shattering against the walls.’ Significantly, this report is from one of Andrea’s brothers, as quoted in the September 4, 1955, issue of Life magazine. Life is hardly the most scholarly or unimpeachable source, but there is a great deal of other documentation, and I think that the point of familiar witnesship is served. In the case of Carrie White, the only witness to any possible prologue to the final climactic events was Margaret White, and she, of course is dead. Henry Grayle, principal of Ewen High School, had been expecting him all week, but Chris Hargensen’s father didn’t show up until Friday-the day after Chris had skipped her detention period with the formidable Miss Desjardin. ‘Yes, Miss Fish?’ He spoke formally into the intercom, although he could see the man in the outer office through his window, and certainly knew his face from pictures in the local paper. ‘John Hargensen to see you, Mr Grayle.’ ‘Send him in, please.’ Goddammit, Fish, do you have to sound so impressed? Grayle was an irrepressible paper-clip-bender, napkin-ripper, corner-folder. For John Hargensen, the town’s leading legal light, he was bringing up the heavy ammunition – a whole box of heavy-duty clips in the middle of his desk blotter. Hargensen was a tall, impressive man with a selfconfident way of moving and the kind of sure, mobile features that said this was a man superior at the game of one-step-ahead social interaction. He was wearing a brown Savile Row suit with subtle glints of green and gold running through the weave that put Grayle’s local off-the-rack job to shame. His briefcase was thin, real leather, and bound with glittering stainless steel. The smile was faultless and full of many capped teeth – a smile to make the hearts of lady jurors melt like butter in a warm skillet. His grip was major league all the way-firm, warm, long. ‘Mr Grayle, I’ve wanted to meet you for some time now.’ ‘I’m always glad to see interested parents,’ Grayle said with a dry smile. ‘That’s why we have Parents Open House every October.’ ‘Of course.’ Hargensen smiled, ‘I imagine you’re a busy man, and I have to be in court in forty-five minutes from now. Shall we get down to specifics?’ ‘Surely,’ Grayle dipped into his box of clips and began to mangle the first one. ‘I suspect you are here concerning the disciplinary action taken against your daughter Christine. You should be informed that school policy on the matter has been set. As a man concerned with the workings of justice yourself, you should realize that bending the rules is hardly possible or-‘ Hargensen waved his hand impatiently. ‘Apparently you’re labouring under a misconception, Mr Grayle. I am here because my daughter was manhandled by your gym teacher, Miss Rhoda Desjardin. And verbally abused, I’m afraid. I believe the term your Miss Desjardin used in connection with my daughter was â€Å"shitty.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Grayle sighed inwardly. ‘Miss Desjardin has been reprimanded.’ John Hargensen’s smile cooled thirty degrees, ‘I’m afraid a reprimand will not be sufficient. I believe this has been the young, ah, lady’s first year in a teaching capacity?’ ‘Yes. We have found her to be eminently satisfactory.’ ‘Apparently your definition of eminently satisfactory includes throwing students up against lockers and the ability to curse like a sailor?’ Grayle fenced: ‘As a lawyer, you must be aware that this state acknowledges the school’s title to in loco parentis – along with full responsibility, we succeed to full parental rights during school hours. If you’re not familiar, I’d advise you to check Monondock Consolidated School District vs Cranepool or-‘ ‘I’m familiar with the concept,’ Hargensen mid. ‘I’m also aware that neither the Cranepool case that you administrators are so fond of quoting or the Frick case cover anything remotely concerned with physical or verbal abuse. There is, however, the case of School District No. 4 vs David. Are you familiar with it?’ Grayle was. George Kramer, the assistant principal of the consolidated high school in S.D. 14 was a poker buddy. George wasn’t playing much poker any more. He was working for an insurance company after taking it upon himself to cut a student’s hair. The school district had ultimately paid seven thousand dollars in damages, or about a thousand bucks a snip. Grayle started on another paper clip. ‘Let’s not quote cases at each other, Mr Grayle, were busy men. I don’t want a lot of unpleasantness. I don’t want a mess. My daughter is at home, and she will stay there Monday and Tuesday. That will complete her threeday suspension. That’s all right.’ Another dismissive wave of the hand. (catch fido good boy here’s a nice bone) ‘Here’s what I want,’ Hargensen continued. ‘One, prom tickets for my daughter. A girl’s senior prom is important to her, and Chris is very distressed. Two, no contract renewal of the Desjardin woman. That’s for me. I believe that if I cared to take the School Department to court, I could walk out with both her dismissal and a hefty damage settlement in my pocket. But I don’t want to be vindictive.’ ‘So court is the alternative if I don’t agree to your demands?’ ‘I understand that a School Committee hearing would precede that, but only as a formality. But yes, court would be the final result. Nasty for you.’ Another paper clip. ‘For physical and verbal abuse, is that correct?’ ‘Essentially.’ ‘Mr Hargensen, are you aware that your daughter and about ten of her peers threw sanitary napkins at a girl who was having her first menstrual period? A girl who was under the impression that she was bleeding to death?’ A faint frown creased Hargensen’s features, as if someone had spoken in a distant room. ‘I hardly think such an allegation is at issue. I am speaking of actions following-‘ ‘Never mind,’ Grayle said. ‘Never mind what you were speaking of. This girl, Carietta White, was called â€Å"a dumb pudding† and was told to â€Å"plug it up† and was subjected to various obscene gestures. She has not been in school this week at all. Does that sound like physical and verbal abuse to you? It does to me.’ ‘I don’t intend,’ Hargensen said, ‘to sit here and listen to a tissue of half-truths or your standard schoolmaster lecture, Mr Grayle, I know my daughter well enough to-‘ ‘Here,’ Grayle reached into the wire IN basket beside the blotter and tossed a sheaf of pink cards across the desk, ‘I doubt very much if you know the daughter represented in these cards half so well as you think you do. If you did, you might realize that it was about time for a trip to the woodshed. It’s time you snubbed her close before she does someone a major damage.’ ‘You aren’t-‘ How to cite Carrie Chapter Five, Essay examples

Intercultural Communication speech Outline free essay sample

The Definition of intercultural Communication is a widely used form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Basically It is a way to understand how people from other countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. Now I will talk about the pros and cons of Intercultural Communication. One big dvantage of Intercultural Communication is in the workplace. We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Communication speech Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Intercultural communication helps employees from different ethnic backgrounds to communicate effectively with one another. It helps staff to understand each others cultural differences, and to communicate effectively without misunderstanding. Obviously a big disadvantage would be misunderstanding. Someone from say Paris and someone from Los Angeles would love very differently, Therefore trying to communicate interculturally might be a challenge to be productive. One time I effectively used intercultural communications was in the workplace. I work as a stock clerk at union street Hannaford, and over the summer we had a French foreign exchange student working for us, He spoke very little English. I was placed as his mentor and took him under my wing. Although it was hard to make him understand the in depth Job procedures, All the basic information is shared no matter what culture you are from. So my advice to you when trying to communicate interculturally is to keep it basic, Dont overwhelm the person with ridiculous commands, Just try to be understanding. Thank you for listening!

Writing Assignment over Demian by Hermann Hesse essays

Writing Assignment over Demian by Hermann Hesse essays Demian, written by Hermann Hesse and first published in 1919, is, at its heart, a novel of self-discovery and self-actualization. The novel itself, an autobiographical novel that was written by Emil Sinclair, the focus of the story, is meant to show an old man, whose voyage of self-discovery is coming to a close, and his recollections of past events and their ability to shape his current world-view. Central to the novel is this relationship between the current incarnation of ones own personality and the past events which have gradually made such introspective aspects of oneself to emerge and take shape. While at many times asserting clearly and poignantly that the past is something which must be let go by an individual in order to carry on down the path that leads to ones true self, hidden within the novel is the assertion that the past forms us and shapes us and should never be let go of fully, but, instead, should always be kept as an afterimage of what once was. It is only th en that we can begin to find our own road of self-actualization. This does not seem to be done by accident, as, in other cases of other such themes in Demian, Hesse cleverly uses the duality of nature approach. He constantly sees the world as a world dynamically split into two realms, a dark, evil realm and a light, heavenly realm. Ignorance of one realm is, according to Hesse, a flaw in ones own humanity, and must be overcome in order to reach the promised nirvana of self realization. The older, somewhat wiser Sinclair often states that the past is one of the personal obstacles which must be overcome in order to find ones true self. He states that very many are caught in [an] impasse, and forever cling painfully to an irrevocable past, the dream of lost paradise, which is the worst and most ruthless of all dreams (Demian 41). To Sinclair, a dream of what...

Writing a Research Paper Using Color-Coded Index Cards

Writing a Research Paper Using Color-Coded Index Cards A research paper is primarily a discussion or argument based on a thesis, which includes evidence from several collected sources. While it may seem like a monumental project to write a research paper, it is really a straightforward process that you can follow, step by step. Before you get started, make sure you have plenty of note paper, several multi-colored highlighters, and a pack of multi-colored index cards. You should also read over the checklist for research ethics  before you begin, so you dont head down the wrong path! Organizing your Research Paper Youll use the following steps to complete your assignment. 1. Select a topic2. Find sources3. Take notes on colored index cards4. Arrange your notes by topic5. Write an outline6. Write a first draft7. Revise and re-write8. Proofread Library Research Become familiar with the services and layout of the library. There will be a card catalog and computers for database searches, but you dont need to tackle those alone. There will be library personnel on hand to show you how to use these resources. Dont be afraid to ask! Select a Research Paper Topic Once you narrow your choices to a specific subject area, find three specific questions to answer about your topic. A common mistake by students is to choose a final topic that is too general. Try to be specific: What is tornado alley? Are certain states really more likely to suffer from tornadoes? Why? One of your questions will turn into a thesis statement, after you do a little preliminary research to find theories to answer to your questions. Remember, a thesis is a statement, not a question. Find Sources Use the card catalog or computer database in the library to locate books. (See Sources to Avoid.) Find several books that seem to be relevant to your topic. There will also be a periodical guide in the library. Periodicals are publications issued on a regular basis, like magazines, journals, and newspapers. Use a search engine to find a list of articles relating to your topic. Make sure to find articles in periodicals that are located in your library. (See How to Find an Article.) Sit at your work table and scan through your sources. Some titles can be misleading, so you’ll have some sources that don’t pan out. You can do a quick read over the materials to determine which ones contain useful information. Taking Notes As you scan your sources, you will begin to zero in on a thesis. Several sub-topics will also begin to emerge. Using our tornado topic as an example, a sub-topic would be the Fujita Tornado Scale. Start taking notes from your sources, using color coding for the sub-topics. For instance, all information referring to the Fujita Scale would go on orange note cards. You may find it necessary to photocopy articles or encyclopedia entries so you can take them home. If you do this, use the highlighters to mark the useful passages in the relevant colors. Every time you take a note, be sure to write down all bibliographical information to include author, book title, article title, page numbers, volume number, publisher name and dates. Write this information on each and every index card and photocopy. This is absolutely critical! Arrange Your Notes by Topics Once you have taken color-coded notes, you will be able to sort your notes more easily. Sort the cards by colors. Then, arrange by relevance. These will become your paragraphs. You may have several paragraphs for each sub-topic. Outline Your Research Paper Write an outline, according to your sorted cards. You may find that some of the cards fit better with different â€Å"colors† or sub-topics, so simply re-arrange your cards. That’s a normal part of the process. Your paper is taking shape and becoming a logical argument or position statement. Write a First Draft Develop a strong thesis statement and introductory paragraph. Follow through with your sub-topics. You may find that you don’t have enough material, and you may need to supplement your paper with additional research. Your paper may not flow very well on the first try. (This is why we have first drafts!) Read it over and re-arrange paragraphs, add paragraphs, and omit information that doesn’t seem to belong. Keep editing and re-writing until you’re happy. Create a bibliography from your note cards. (See citation makers.) Proofread When you think you are happy with your paper, proof read! Make sure it is free of spelling, grammatical, or typographical errors. Also, check to make sure you’ve included every source in your bibliography. Finally, check the original instructions from your teacher to make sure you are following all assigned preferences, like title page directions and placement of page numbers.

MBA Management course -'Business in Society' Essay

MBA Management course -'Business in Society' - Essay Example eading corporations of the world are now expanding their sustainability initiatives to focus on accountability and minimize risks by increasing "baseline expectations of investors" and ensuring their strategies are in line with the investment communitys objectives. This would demonstrate corporate commitment towards the investors and shareholders who ultimately will support the companys scalable sustainability endeavors.1 At IKEA, we have always believed in integrating sustainability strategies to support our work environment through materiality and operations-based initiatives. We have been ahead of our competitors in sustainability initiatives. Some of our notable projects during 2006 had been making home furnishing products safe for environmental effects; support for responsible forestry based on set up requirements for wood suppliers; support for sustainable cotton production; and acceptable working conditions. In 2007 we have introduced IWAY (IKEA Way on Purchasing Home Furnishing Products) which encourage consumers to help us achieve sustainability goals. Our current initiatives include working towards reduction of child labor, contribution towards climate impact; and going towards renewable energy by supporting sustainable transport; and working with communities towards sustainability.2 These aspects demonstrate that though, a highly environmentally conscious company, IKEA’s strategies in the past has been focused on material and operations exclusively. For the future, we need to develop more stringent strategies which Tomorrows Value report indicates as, investors perspectives of sustainability. At IKEA, we have only been able to achieve this through dialogues with unions, suppliers, companies and related organizations. So far IKEA has been able to develop a process for sustainability and mechanisms for monitoring it.3 We need to tailor our sustainability strategies to align with tomorrow’s values and sustainability to increase market opportunities.

Zynga Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Zynga Analysis - Case Study Example This paper is divided into different sections, which present analyze aspects of Zynga identified in the article. Zynga, founded in 2007, competes against Electronic Arts, a giant in the gaming industry. Zynga struggles to establish itself in the industry despite different challenges. Zynga is in a relationship with Facebook, yet the relationship is a major source of most of Zynga’s problems. To solve this, Zynga needs to break away from Facebook and use its website as its major platform. It is also important for Zynga to develop ways of maintaining its existing customers and attracting new users. This analysis provides insights into the status of Zynga, and ways through which it can improve, as this is a promising company, which contributes to the economy. 2. Introduction Zynga, based in San Francisco, USA, is currently among the leading providers of social games, which are browser-based. Zynga has approximately 270m monthly users, and in 2011, Zynga was valued at $7 billion. Since social networks are popular among people, game developers use them as platforms for their games. Social networks are capable of ensuring interactivity of gamers in different areas. Additionally, a larger part of the population engages in social networking each day. For this reason, Zynga, and its competitors seek to expand their businesses. However, to be successful, Zynga needs to improve its strategy and business model. 3. Target Customers The primary target customers of Zynga include the hardcore gamers, while the secondary target customers include individuals with less exposure to computer games. In addition, Zynga, unlike other gaming companies, targets women gamers. While other companies are reluctant to target females, citing their disinterest in gaming, Zynga has designed its games in a way that will attract female gamers. Research shows that females in the West have an equal access to the internet as men, and spend more time online, compared to males (MacMillan 2012). Nonetheless, Zynga has not managed to bring all its target customers into its customer base. 4. SWOT Analysis This case analysis employs a SWOT analysis on the case of Zynga. This way, the challenges and potential of Zynga will be identified, and these will help to develop possible strategies for improving operations of Zynga. In addition, it is important to analyze the environment in which the company operates, and identify the major problems of the company, and possible solutions. a) Strengths Zynga develops highly addictive games, and this has helped the company to attract many gamers. The gamers easily get obsessed with the games, and spend more time playing the games, thus paying up more and adding to the profitability of Zynga. Zynga develops games that promote interactivity. People in different geographical locations can interact through the games. Therefore, when more people pay to compete in a game at a time, Zynga obtains more revenue. Therefore, this is a major strength, as it brings many people together to play a game, thus more profits for the company. Furthermore, the strong relationship with Facebook is a major strength. Zynga uses Facebook as its main platform, where gamers can access its games. Since Facebook is the most popular social network with the largest number of users, maintaining a relationship with

The Impact Of Internship On Graduate Employability Management Essay

The Impact Of Internship On Graduate Employability Management Essay This report examines the impact of internships on graduate labour market. The view of this report is to find out what skills, knowledge and attributes are basically needed by graduate students to perform their professional duty in the practical job field in todays job market. The report then draws the key themes about what graduate employability is and what employers needs are in relation to graduates. Although non internship candidates find it more difficult to enter the job market, they have chances because employers look after soft skills from a candidate such as good communication skills, team work and also critical thinking. The report concludes by examining career prospects that graduates follow after doing an internship, whether they chose to follow an accounting career, or other industries, they have to think of medium and long term prospects in order to find a desired job. Introduction In recent years, there has been rapid expansion of higher education in UK. This has had important and deep effects on labour markets because employers need today highly educated employees. Internships provide practical experience in which a student has intentional learning goals and reflects actively on what she or he is learning throughout the experience. Doing an internship provides opportunities for students to gain work experience and companies help them to get a job in the future. Internships introduce students to the world of work and allow them to gain business experience, skills and knowledge that are necessary to succeed in todays labour market. They allow students to connect their experience from the workplace, with the theoretical knowledge that they have explored during university. Definition of Internship An internship represents a formal program that provides practical experience in which a student has intentional learning goals and reflects actively on what she or he is learning throughout the experience. Doing an internship provides opportunities for students to gain work experience and companies help them to get a job in the future. Also Employers are usually more concerned with your work experience than your qualifications and internships are often the only way to get the work experience you need to secure a job, so they are a vital part of your resume. Many employers prefer or require applicants who have done an internship or relevant work experience and in many of the more competitive job markets it is essential to set you apart from the others. However, some internships are unpaid and universities career development centres are asked to stop advertising unpaid internships on their websites, because interns cannot afford to work for weeks, and in some cases months, without being paid. Benefits and values of an internship According to Career Services Centre, the benefits of doing an internship allow you to gain a better perspective of post-graduation employment by applying the principles and theories a student developed during their seminar classes. Also students can develop a personal work ethic and be able to investigate their career interests and prospective career goals. An internship alleviates the development of professional contacts, which can help a student in the future for reference another company. By doing an internship you can develop a series of skills and knowledge that help students to choose from a wide range of possibilities about their future career. (Careers Services Centre, 2010-2011) The graduate labour market Graduate labour market offers information to students about any jobs available on the market, what recent graduates have done, average earnings that graduates can expect and also graduate recruitment trends. It is helpful to understand what a job in a real life is and identifies students options for future career developments. University of Wolverhampton (2010) states: The graduate labour market today is much more complex. Developments such as increased global competition and advances in technology mean that the workforce needs to be more highly skilled. This has led to many changes such as the importance of a degree when applying for a job, higher education is expanding and for todays market there are many students with a degree, which they increase competition within popular sectors. The graduate labour market continues to improve and many vacancies that employers are promoting are filled with graduates that have already worked for any of their organisations, through work placements, internships or vacation schemes. Graduate labour market Accounting For those graduates that have the right degrees, the current job market for accounting is very strong. Employers dont require a specific major of filed or study, but they are more focused on soft skills such as communication, teamwork, leadership and critical thinking. Accounting graduates find excellent opportunities in private sectors because they can work for a company; develop the knowledge about its business and the financial sector. Despite the tight labour market and strong demand, accounting graduates face tough competition, as top-tier firms expect skills beyond the sheepskin. Candidates must demonstrate technical knowledge and intangible qualities, such as presentation and public speaking, initiative, computer literacy and interpersonal abilities. Definition of employability [Employability is] a set of achievements, skills, understandings and personal attributes that make graduates more likely to gain employment and be successful in their chosen occupations, which benefits themselves, the workforce, the community and the economy. (Yorke, 2004) Since the recession the graduate labour market had become increasingly competitive, which is even harder for students to get a job without having any experience. There are few vacancies on the market, which are filled very quickly. Students also consider that they wouldnt have gone to university giving the fact that the market is very competitive. Although, they prefer to go to university because it is a unique experience, where you develop a series of skills and knowledge for a subject they like. According to Times Higher Education, students were less sure that higher education had prepared them for the world of work, however, with 35 per cent disagreeing or strongly disagreeing that university had equipped them well for employment. (David Matthews, 2012) Post-internship vs. non-internship candidates Most undergraduate students know that having an internship represents a good opportunity for a full time job offer. Those that do not have the opportunity to do an internship, will be likely to have less experience and therefore harder to get into the job market. According to Birchalls latest research (2012), people without any experience had little or no chance of being offered a place on their graduate training programmes. Even more strikingly, almost three-quarters of graduate vacancies advertised at investment banks and half the training contracts offered by major law firls this year are likely to be filled by former interns. Also, companies tend to recruit candidates who already have worked for them. Career path The accounting industry is so varied because is very difficult to identify the types of accounting careers that a graduate can take. Depending on their studies they can work in any industry in accounting. There is public accounting where graduates can work for any sized firm, ranging from a large, international CPA firm to a small local accounting practice. Within the firm, they can work in such areas as audit, tax and management consulting. With government graduates can work for a specific company. And they may work in tax, finance and again IT or internal audits. Also they can create a path to success at either the federal, state or local level. Non-profit organizations and education also offer many diverse opportunities. (American Institute of CPAs, 2012) Skills, knowledge and aptitudes Internships provide students opportunities to develop skills, knowledge and aptitudes within a workplace environment. Most students benefit from higher education support and guidance in finding a good internship/placement. Today careers are very different and students find with difficulty a job without experience and the most significant challenge for graduates will be to manage their relationships with work and with learning. This requires skills such as negotiating, action planning and networking, added to qualities of self-awareness and confidence. These are the skills required to be self-reliant in career and personal development; skills to manage processes rather than functional skills. They are as valuable in education as in the workplace, and as valuable to organizations as they are to individuals. (Rose and Jonathan, 2012) Traditional jobs still exist but, there is a huge increase in the number of graduates, which means that there are fewer jobs with graduate training programs. AGR members recruited an estimated 80% of graduates available for work. Today the figure is 50%.( The Association of Graduate Recruiters, 2012). Graduates need to be flexible and adapt to new situations. In order to obtain a good job, a graduate needs transferable skills such as working well in a team, good communication skills and self-reliance skills which are enabling skills that will be essential for graduates to survive in todays labour market. They are the skills to manage a lifetimes progression in learning and work, rather than to do the work itself. They are process skills rather than functional skills. The complete graduate needs 4 major types of skills such as self reliant being able to manage their personal development; they have to be good team players having management skills, IT and presentation skills; they have to be specialists which helps them to become an expert at something (e.g. marketing, accounting, tax, IT, etc); and also they have to have general skills and knowledge (e.g. problem solving, critical thinking, basic accounting and finance). Career prospects Being an accountant requires to complete many tasks, preparing financial statements and also record business transations. They also calculate financial costs, develop IT systems to track financial performance. Post internship graduates have many opportunities to find a good job and this is because they have fresh thinking, new knowledge to businesses and analytical skills. They have a variety of choices to think as a medium term prospect for their career, as finishing ACCA or long term prospects such as considering a career in accounting as an auditor or a chartered accountant, working for the government or being self-employed. Conclusion and Recommendations Employers expect graduates to have the discipline, knowledge and technical competence in order to demonstrate a broad range of skills and attributes that include critical thinking, team working, communication skills and problem solving. Internships help students to develop these skills that enable them to find the desired job, to progress in their work and therefore to facilitate the success of the companies that they work for and contribute to society and the economy. Universities have to develop employability skills more in depth, through their programmes including practical guidance and teaching strategies that allow students to have a better understanding about what employers expect from them, and how they should demonstrate their skills to them.

Bacon, Novum Organum, and Implied Objectivity †Philosophy of Science

Francis Bacon was a representative of English Renaissance and therefore sought to tie together philosophy and science in order to create more complete and clear picture of scientific method to be used when explaining natural phenomena. Bacon’s â€Å"Novum Organum† is can be viewed as a global message addressed to all scholars and students, who seek to penetrate into the true order of matters and nature of objects, as the primary idea of his writing is to assist scientists in developing objectivity and destroying prejudices and stereotypes that determine unnecessarily narrow directions or limitations in certain areas of knowledge.The first chapters of the writing are dedicated to aphorisms, which to great extent reflect the spirit of the epoch and the author’s personal convictions. First of all, the scholar suggests that the study of nature is extremely complicated and should be approached from multiple viewpoints: â€Å"The study of nature with a view to works i s engaged in by the mechanic, the mathematician, the physician, the alchemist and the magician; but by all (as things now are) with slight endeavor and scanty success† ( Bacon, Book I, Aphorism V, at www.constitution. org, 2001). This means, it is important to expand the knowledge about nature and establish a reasonable exchange among various disciplines and directions – first of all, in order to be capable to explain the issues, which might be clear in certain discipline, but remain a ‘white spot’ in another, so that the true causes of phenomena can be found only through developing a complex approach.On the other hand, the author also warns the reader against hastiness in scientific conclusions that can appear a side effect of syllogism â€Å"†¦if the notions themselves (which is the root of the matter) are confused and overhastily abstracted from the facts, there can be no firmness in the superstructure. Our only hope therefore lies in a true induct ion† (Bacon, I, XIV, at www. constitution. org, 2001). This means, it is important to ‘digest’ all information available, gradually put forward the propositions and construct the superstructure thoroughly, without superfluous generalizations.This means, there is a certain divergence between traditional techniques, related to scientific induction, and the mode of logical reasoning Bacon offers: for instance, syllogism contains a particle of subjectivity, as it is normally based upon propositions, hypotheses and the scientist’s own perception of the object: â€Å"In order to penetrate into the inner and further recesses of nature, it is necessary that both notions and axioms be derived from things by a more sure and guarded way, and that a method of intellectual operation be introduced altogether better and more certain† (Bacon, I, XVIII, at www.constitution. org, 2001). Due to the fact that the author speaks primarily about precise sciences, he implie s that science as organized area of knowledge cannot be based purely upon hypotheses or fantasy, but also upon facts and axioms. The main obstacle to the real discovery of nature is described by Bacon as four idols living in human mind. Idols are conceptualized as human impressions about the objects, – for instance, their visible characteristics like color or shape. The author contrasts idols to God’s intents concerning the creation of nature, i. e. these idols substantially distort or misrepresent the truth.There are four main types of these erroneous subjectivist convictions: Idols of the Tribe; Idols of the Cave; Idols of the Marketplace (Forum) and Idols of the Theatre. The Idols of the Tribe are in certain context socially approved convictions, as they all derive from the idea that human-being is a measure of the objects surrounding them, so that individuals tend to approach to nature from the position of their relation to certain objects or phenomena: for instanc e, ancient ‘scientists’ believed that celestial bodies existed in order to predict their fate, i. e.humankind used to have consumerist attitude towards their environment, which resulted in numerous hardships when it was the time to broaden or enrich the knowledge available. In addition, these beliefs are transmitted from generation to generation and learned during socialization – this is probably their most dangerous aspect. â€Å"The Idols of the Cave are the idols of the individual man. For everyone (beside the errors common to human nature in general) has a cave or den of his own, which refracts and discolors the light of nature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bacon, I, XLII, at www. constitution.org, 2001). This means, Idols of the Cave can be explained as the peculiarities of each person’s psychological world, which might decrease one’s ability to draw independent conclusions – human are often ‘addicted’ to persons they admire and therefore might view these persons’ beliefs as their own. The Idols of the Marketplace originate due to the use of common language and social relationships, yet â€Å"words plainly force and overrule the understanding, and throw all into confusion, and lead man away into numberless empty controversies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bacon, I, XLIII, at www.constitution. org, 2001), which means first of all that there is certain issues human being cannot verbalize or put into words. In addition, individuals tend to misuse and abuse language, for instance in demagogic or pseudoscientific discussions, which in reality have no visible objectives and goals. Finally, the Idols of the Theater settle down in human mind under the influence of philosophical dogmas or ‘universal truths’, often imposed by theatrical fables.For instance, in certain epoch, individuals used to say: â€Å"Love is stronger than death†, â€Å"Love is the highest feeling†, even through it is really hard to me asure the ‘height’ of love or imagine that it can really save individuals from inescapable death. These expressions were no more than metaphors, suggested by literature or certain philosophical movements. All these Idols contribute to the development of human subjectivity and inability to ignore unnecessary parts of their experiences when examining pure facts.In addition, explaining the cause of underdevelopment of scientific method, Bacon also takes macrosocial approach and identifies two main factors, which contributed to the weakness of contemporary science: firstly, a lot of vital information had been lost or had not been fixed on paper, so that contemporary science actually originated in Greco-Roman period; secondly, the development of natural science in general had been overlooked, in contrast to the progress of art and literature, due to the domination of religious institutions over education and scientific progress, which had implied strict censorship.In order t o liberate human mind from the aforementioned idol, it is necessary to develop a new method of establishing axioms: â€Å"In forming our axioms from induction, we must examine and try, whether the axiom we derive only be fitted and calculated for the particular instance from which it is deduced, or whether it be more extensive and general† (Bacon, I, CVI, at www. constitution. org, 2001). As one can understand, scientific reasoning should be based upon the basic research and supplementary study of the validity of previous one and the possibility of generalization.If generalization is possible, â€Å"we must observe, whether it confirm its own extent and generality, by giving surety as it were, in pointing out new particulars† (ibid). In order to facilitate the research, the scientist should first examine the cause of the phenomenon or its separate features (color or size), since the same characteristics not always point to the same cause and therefore do not infer the same nature of the object or phenomena. Bacon’s inductive technique includes three main components, or three different types of table: the table of presence, the table of absence and the table of degrees.The table of presence includes all cases in which the phenomenon, whose cause is sought, manifests itself: for example, heat appears when the object is under the sun. The table of absence comprises the cases in which the phenomenon does not manifest itself: for instance, although the moon spreads light, the heat does not appear in moonlight. Finally, the table of degrees provides concrete measurements of the phenomenon and includes its decreases and increases among different objects or materials: for instance, certain metals heat slower than liquids (e. g. water).The table of degrees is aimed at reflecting the extent of the phenomenon in each object researched. In case the amount of research material is limited, Bacon offers different strategies of induction: â€Å"I propose to treat, then, in the first place, of Prerogative Instances, secondly, of the Supports of induction, thirdly, of the Rectification of Induction; fourthly, of Varying the Investigation according to the nature of the Subject; fifthly, of Prerogative Natures with respect to Investigation; [†¦]; sixthly, of the Limits of Investigation, or a synopsis of all natures in the universe..† (Bacon, II, XXI, at www. constitution. org, 2001). In addition, he recommends that each scientist included suggestions for practical use and the gradation of axioms. Prerogative Instances, or objective facts and their independent interpretations are therefore regarded as the most important aspect of induction, as the basic Prerogative Instances are in fact to demonstrate the extent of the phenomenon in each particular case, the interrelation among the phenomena in different objects and situations and the possible exclusions or exceptions.To sum up, both extended and limited investigations should be based primarily upon facts and their classification, rather than upon hypothetical reasoning and classic induction whose main constituent is syllogism, or logical propositions, not always confirmed by facts. Reference list Bacon, Francis. Novum Organum (The New Organon). Available online at: http://www. constitution. org/bacon/nov_org. htm, 2001

Background Paper Stress Disorders And Mental Illness

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The Cold War between 1947 and 1991 - 880 Words

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