Is Charter School an Answer for Inner City Students A Study of Dissertation

Is Charter School an Answer for Inner City Students A Study of Inclusion Among Disadvantaged Black Male Students with Disabili - Dissertation Example    Charter schools are public schools in nature and are intended to improve the education system of any nation. They possess a degree of independence in that most of the times they charge little or no tuition and are open to any student who wishes to enroll in them. They are also non sectarian and do not discriminate against any student on the basis of any affiliation be it sex, religion, race or color. They may be funded by the local authority in which it is situated, through the state or federal revenue like other public schools. These charter schools also adhere to state and federal academic standards as a benchmark in their day to day activities.  The basic concept of a charter school therefore, is the exercise of increased autonomy in exchange for accountability to the relevant stakeholders. Charter schools are free to improvise ways of improving the general student performance and achievement through numerous ways. They might do this through offering longer school days or o perating hours. This is what is at times known as remedial classes in some jurisdictions. Here, students spend more hours in class exploring ways of excelling in whatever discipline they are engaged in or are undertaking. This may occur during extended hours during week days, weekends or even during vacations or holidays. The schools may also adjust the curriculum contrary to what is set by the government to provide the learners with more time on the important or core subjects that they need most for their studies. Charter schools may also create a unique school culture whereby a specific school may adopt specific themes such as performing arts, career readiness, classical education, global awareness or meeting the needs of black or autistic students (Betts and Hill, 2010). Recent research has found that inner city kids or under-served students, who attended charter schools in New York City for nine consecutive years, from kindergarten to eighth grade, would close most of the  "Scarsdale-Harlem† achievement gap. The research also found that charter school students in this study won school admission lotteries as compared to other students in other public schools in the state (Reardon, 2009). This is further led credence by a similar study that found that students attending charter high schools in Chicago and Florida had higher ACT scores, graduation rates and college entrance rates than their peers in traditional public schools (Booker, Gill, Zimmer and Sass, 2009) It is therefore true that charter schools are high achiever as they produce positive results in both elementary and middle schools. This therefore means that there should be improved participation of all stakeholders involved in the research about the viability of charter schools. This will require strong and better policy formulation that would eventually lead to high-quality public charter schools. (Betts and Tang, 2008) Inclusion of black male students with disabilities into charter sch ools is understood to mean the integration of the education of male students with disabilities alongside those that are leading a normal life through regular classroom attendance. This is prompted by the urge by different stakeholders such as the

Do yo consider the concept of Partriarchy to be useful in the analysis Essay

Do yo consider the concept of Partriarchy to be useful in the analysis of gender relations - Essay Example This ‘battle of the sexes’ is not yet over despite the fact women have already made great strides in almost all areas of endeavour i.e. politics, sports, economy. In fact, women have permeated into areas once the exclusive domain of males. But still, they’re shrugged off as but a small minority. Thus, in so many societies the stereotype ‘woman in the home’ or the ‘childbearing female’ still persist. To many men, it’s still a man’s world. And rightly so, most tycoons are men; majority of presidents and prime ministers and mayors are men; priests, rabbis and imams are all men; most managers and heads of universities and colleges are men and practically most societies are headed by men. And this is so because patriarchy had been institutionalised and usage and accession to it by all parties since time immemorial had made it a social construct. Woman’s lot as the inferior sex and men’s dominance over women can be traced to the moment of creation. In Genesis 1:27, God â€Å"created Adam in His image† (and not her image), thus assigning God the male gender. The creation of Eve was a mere afterthought when God realized that â€Å"it is not good for man to be alone and I will make a helper suitable for him† (Genesis 1:23). Then she was fashioned from one of Adam’s ribs, which made him exclaim â€Å"This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called ‘woman’ for she was taken out of man† (Genesis 1:23). Thus, woman’s bondage to man and the assignation of the natural role of childbearer, homemaker and attendant to man’s every whim and caprice had started. These roles were acutely delineated during the days of the Patriarchs i.e. Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Moses, David. Patriarchy, in this context, is defined as â€Å"a hierarchical social system and way of thinking where fathers or

The Power of Laws of Attraction

The Power of Laws of Attraction Most of us float along with experiences of life. When everything is going smoothly like we want, we are happy. If we end up in bad situations, we throw a temper tantrum and complain about how unlucky we are at life. Being the passive observers, we assume the role of victim when something happens to us that we didnt want happened. The knowledge of Law of Attraction helps us to wake up to the fact that everything that is happening in our lives is only the result of what we are constantly feeling and thinking. This fact can liberate us from the position of a passive observer to a proactive one. A person with a negative attitude towards life wakes up and sees only negativity all around. He sees that bad things are happening to him and might even feel like he is cursed. But Law of Attraction tells us that we can consciously choose our life experiences and by thinking and feeling positively, we can change our realities for the better. Law of Attraction works through the power of focus. As you shift your focus from negative to positive, you start to change the experiences and completely change your your life. You may be a person who has no idea what the Law is or you may be a person who already knows a little about how the law works or you may be someone who has already achieved some success by implementing the Laws principles in your daily life. Either way, if you havent awakened to the full power of the Law, you can start with the following practices daily: Visualize your day Wake up each day and visualize the day youd like to experience. Form mental movies in your mind and clearly picture all the good experiences that you want happen to you. By consciously visualizing what you want, you shift you vibration focus from negative to the positive. When you align yourself with what you want, you start to attract everything you visualize. Practice being positive Eliminate negative thoughts of anxiety, worry and fear by deliberately focusing on what you want. During the day, whenever you observe your mind drifting towards negative thoughts, immediately think about something that makes you feel good or visualize the experiences you want to attract. This changes your focus from negative to positive. With persistent practice, this habit will become a part of your nature. Dont try to figure everything out To fully unleash the power of Law of Attraction, you must practice letting go. Dont try to figure everything out or do everything yourself. Only perform actions that can be performed by you and make the choices that are required and leave the rest up to the universe to take care for you. Just know that the loving universe is working on behalf of you, bringing you closer to the fulfillment of your desires. There is of course much more to the Law than the three mentioned practices. Understand how the Law of Attraction works in your life so that you can deliberately attract what you want. Know that you dont have to be a passive observer and start exercising this amazing power now! Subliminal Messages and Subconscious Mind Negative conditioning of the subconscious mind is one of the biggest reasons why many people fail to achieve what they truly desire in life. Fortunately, there are ways to change our own negative conditioning so we dont have to be trapped by it. Human mind works much like a computer. By understanding how a computer works, we can begin to understand how the mind works and make necessary changes to create the reality we desire. When you look at how a computer works, you will find that it has an operating system that runs automatically on already built-in software programs. It opens and closes programs without much effort on your part. A computer, depending on the model, also contains memory, about 50-100 gigabytes stored on its hard drive. This information is readily accessible with a simple click of the mouse. With the help of the mouse, you can consciously go the place a particular file is stored and decide to open it. At any moment, even with enormous information on the computer, we choose to run only about 2-4% because the computer would crash if we ran all the data at the same time. Now, if you want to open a file and you dont have the necessary software to do it, you update the existing software or download new software necessary. The exciting thing is that the human mind works identical to that of the working of a computer. The subconscious mind can be considered an operating system running on programs of beliefs, thought and behavior patterns. The conscious mind can be considered the mouse, which is the control device used to select the programs you want to run. Like a computer operating system, subconscious mind is capable of adapting to new thought patterns by the habit of repetition. However, it takes time for this process to take effect because the subconscious mind doesnt like change and tends to cling on to the existing patterns. New research studies are telling us that there is an easier way to access the subconscious mind. It seems it is more receptive when the body is relaxed. Subliminal messaging is a technology that has become popular in the recent times in the self-improvement industry because it is a helpful way to induce subconsciously mind with positive directions without much effort on our part. This technology works by constantly repeating empowering messages to the subconscious mind. Although consciously we cannot hear these messages, subconsciously, we pick them up and store them in memory. This technology is very helpful in eradicating the negative conditioning that keeps us from taking action to realize our dreams. It is also helpful in changing negative habits and forming new positive habits. Hence, if you are looking for techniques that speed up the process of updating your subconscious software, you should definitely try subliminal messaging. How to Reprogram the Belief System Human beings are really special. Each and every individual is unique in his/ her own way. Hence, each and every individuals perception of reality is unique. The information that makes up a persons reality is the result of everything he/ she consciously thinks and feels in combination with his/ her conscious and unconscious beliefs. New information that enters the mind is broken down into individual data bits, which are then compared to the existing experiences stored in memory and are matched up to the existing beliefs. This process is unique for a person because his/ her mental make up is unique. Mental make up is basically a personal version of reality that is perceived uniquely by a person. This is the reason why the same reality can be experienced differently by different people. A persons mental make up or construct is entirely unique and vibrates a particular frequency very different from the next person. The uniqueness of the mental construct of a person is the result of unique memory, which consists of unique past experiences that make up the belief system, which is the persons personal paradigm. Your belief system, which is your perception of reality, holds the key to determining what you are capable of achieving and how far you will go to achieve your goals. Hence, you must change your belief system if you want to change your reality. This can be done through constant repetition of new directive to the conscious and subconscious mind until an old belief is discarded and a new belief that is supportive of your desires is put in place. Persistence is the key to impressing the subconscious mind. It is important to have a clear mental picture of what you want, constantly impress this upon your conscious and subconscious mind by constantly focusing upon it until it manifests as reality, which happens because of the change in your belief system. Many people fail with affirmations because they repeat them with no feeling. Reading affirmations without actually letting the feeling behind the words sink in, is not going to be of any use. Repeating affirmations is a powerful way to impress positive directions into the mind when they are repeated with a positive feeling. You must visualize what you want and feel how you would feel after finally having what you desire. With this feeling repeat the affirmations and expect the loving universe to bring you necessary resources that will help you make your dreams a reality. It is also important to keep in mind that setting aside a few minutes in a day to repeat affirmations and forgetting about your desires and focusing on negative or unrelated aspects of your life is not enough. You must be willing to constantly focus on what you want throughout the day and consciously REPEAT the affirmations when you feel like negative thoughts try to stop you from performing an action. Many pricey self-improvement programs get your hopes up for sometime and keep you busy with mental activities and high expectations. Although most of these programs do have your best interest at heart, they can only do so much if you are not willing to persist and put in the necessary effort to manifest youre your desires. The objective of any program is to bring about the necessary change in your belief system to accommodate new beliefs that support your quest to fulfil your desire or change the current outdated beliefs and totally replace them with new ones. This change can only come about if you REPEATEDLY impress your mind, both conscious and subconscious parts with mental pictures, thoughts and feelings related to the outcome your desire in the future. Keep this vital truth in your mind To see a change in your current reality and manifest what you desire, you must change your current belief system through constant REPETITION by focusing on thoughts, metal images and feelings of the desired outcome to impress your conscious and subconscious mind with this new information. You can pay for countless self-improvement programs or read a thousand books related to Law of Attraction; but until you persistently practice the principles and change your inner reality, you cannot change your outer reality, which is the mirror of what is happening inside your subconscious mind. You can acquire heaps of knowledge about changing belief systems, but until you persist and change your beliefs to change your perception of reality, you cannot change what you are experiencing in your life now. So, first form clear mental image of your desire, put in the effort through constant persistence of practice, impress your conscious and subconscious mind with images, feelings and thoughts that create a positive emotion of already achieving your desire in you. Let this positive feeling sink into the depths of your mind and change your current negative beliefs that are working against you. Dont get caught up in the hype of a new and an exciting program that promises to help you fulfill your desire in a short period of time. Many programs might work in the beginning because they aim at changing your negative thoughts to positive ones by increasing your positive expectations and keeping your conscious mind busy. But until you change your inner mental construct or perception of reality, you will not see real change you desire. Know the time taken to impress your subconscious mind totally depends on the time you allot to practicing a technique that will change your mental makeup and produce the desired results. It is also helpful to follow one program and one technique instead of obtaining contradicting information from different sources and getting confused about the right way to achieve your desires. Know there is no right and wrong program when it comes to changing your beliefs. You can follow any system that works for you The little known secret to make the process of impressing your subconscious mind through constant repetition and persistent practice is the feeling of gratitude, which is very powerful because it instantly connects you with the positive forces of the universe. Just relax, let go and be thankful for everything you have in the moment. Be grateful for all the guidance and help you are being sent by the co-operating universe. With this positive awareness, focus on the feelings, thought and images that generate a passion and positive expectation in you to move forward and take action toward achieving your dreams. It is very important to exercise control on the mind and direct the thoughts towards what you want instead what you dont want through out the day to change your reality in a short period of time. There is no dream that is impossible to achieve because the term impossible exist only in the mind. When you take control of your subconscious mind and harness its power, there is nothing that is impossible in this world. Great men and women already used the awesome power of their minds to achieve outstanding things and contribute immensely to the betterment of mankind. Follow these set of directions to alter your belief system and move forward fearlessly: 1. Decide what you want and form a clear mental picture that you would like to experience 2. Constantly focus on the mental picture and thoughts related to manifesting this mental picture. Focus on the positive emotions that accompany from the REAPEATED impression of thoughts and images on your mind will generate 3. Make persistence a habit and practice focusing until you see a visible change in your reality through the change in your belief system Human beings have always learned though repetition. When we were at school, we had to repeat numerical table and alphabets constantly to memorize them. Repetition is also used to learn a new language. This technique is so powerful that we remember the alphabets even after several years. The fact is that repetition reinforces memory and hence is the best technique to reprogram the subconscious mind with new directions. There are two major hurdles that stand between you and the realization of your desire through reprogramming of your subconscious mind. One is lack of necessary time to thoroughly impress the mind through repetition. Second is your lack of faith in the process might succeed in forcing you to give up. When you proceed with the conviction to break through these hurdles, you can certainly succeed in changing your perception of reality that is preventing you from attracting what you desire in life. Depending on how strongly the current beliefs that are contrary to the new beliefs and the amount of time to a person spends focusing on repetition, different people take different lengths of time to completely break down the current belief system and reprogram the mind. All the resources you need to fulfill your desires have always been present and are yours to command. People and circumstances are not the reason why you are not able to progress and move forward. The only person stopping you is YOU and your limited thoughts and beliefs. Once you change these limited beliefs and expand your awareness to include the possibility of achieving the impossible, you can truly attract whatever it is that you want. How badly do you want to achieve your goals? If the feeling is intense enough, take the necessary action to persist and REPEATEDLY impress your mind with mental pictures, feelings and thoughts that empower you achieve what you want in life. Wisdom vs. Knowledge Knowing information is very different from applying the information and experiencing the consequences. Contrary to the popular statement, knowledge is power; the application of knowledge is power. Let us take the example of Law of Attraction. Many people who got their information from the popular movie or the book The Secret failed to manifest what they want because they applied the Law incorrectly. They were told they would be able to get something if they think about it. However, the Law does not work that way. On the other hand, many people had put in the effort to know how exactly the Law works and applied it correctly and manifested everything they wanted in life. Become powerful by applying the knowledge Are you one of those people who have heaps of self-improvement books and notes gathering dust in your drawers? If so, it is time to take them out, revisit them and immediately start using the information in those pages. Your life is not magically going to change if you dont apply the technique and put in the effort to actually change your experience of life. Lets again take the example of Law of Attraction. It states that once you form a clear picture, think about it and feel like you have already achieved it, you must surrender your thoughts to the universe and allow it to manifest your desire in the best way, meaning you must let go of the need to control how things happen to you. Many people, despite having tons of knowledge about the Law, fail to apply this part effectively not willing to let go of the control. When you take a class or a seminar, you will benefit more if you ask questions and understand exactly how to apply the knowledge. With the wisdom gained from applying the knowledge, you can slowly become more adept at using the knowledge to better your life. Because of your deep understanding of the workings of the knowledge, you might even be able to help others if you choose to. You can start applying the knowledge by actually practicing every day. Write down your desires. Make mental pictures of your fulfilled desires, draw vision boards, write affirmations and practice a technique that can change your existing limited belief system. Just start doing! Power of Focus to Manifest Did you know that a power as meager as 800 watts, which is barely enough to sustain an average room, when focused within a diameter of 1mm, can cut through sheet steel accurately? This is a powerful testimony of the power of focusing energy. This fact can help us understand that scattered energy produces little to no desired result; whereas the same energy when focused can produce tremendous results. This principle can surely be applied to Law of Attraction. You can manifest everything you want in life if you develop the power of focusing your attention and mental energy on achieving your goals. Understanding what focus is Merriam-Webster.com defines focus as directed attention. This is exactly what focus is. It is the ability to direct your attention towards the fulfillment of your desires. Famous self-help author and motivational speaker Tony Robins once said, What you focus on consistently, you tend to manifest in your life. The power of this quote cannot be taken lightly because it sums up an important principle of Law of Attraction. Many people are struggling to manifest their desires because they are implementing this principle ineffectively. Focus must be made a habit. With initial effort and persistence, the habit of focusing can become a second nature and starts showing up in your behavior naturally. With the power of focus, you can perform the necessary actions that dictate how you manifest your desires. Understanding how the brain works Human brain is a massive processing system that processes gargantuan amount of data every second. On an average, the brain takes about 2 million sensory inputs every second through the five sensory stimuli sight, smell, sound, touch and taste. Like a computer, which crashes if we run all the information stored on it, our brains, to avoid overload, filter the information against existing memory and belief system and consciously process only a little amount compared to the entire lot. Although this process is helping us to keep up with massive data we are inputting, we might be missing crucial information that can be the next big opportunity or miss the approach of danger. To better understand this process, let us take the analogy of a dark room. If you are given a torch light and are asked to find a door to get out the room quickly, you would try to focus the light in one direction and try to find a door. If you just focused the light on the floor, all you would be able to see is the floor and not the door which is to your right. You would then walk along the focused path and may bump into the wall. On the other hand, if you focus the light everywhere by waving the torch light in all directions, you might be able to see more of the room, but you could still miss the door. Similarly, in life, if you focus on the wrong place and narrow your vision to only this place, you might miss the opportunities that are all around you. On the other extreme, if you scatter your energy everywhere and try to focus on too many things, you get confused and still could miss the right opportunity for you. Hence, it is important to learn how to focus the attention in the right place. What you focus your energy on, manifests in your life. Are you focusing your energy in the right place? When a person focuses on poverty, he/ she will manifest more poverty. When he focuses on lack of health or diseases, he manifests more disease. On the other hand, if the same person focused on prosperity, he will surely manifest prosperity in life through Law of Attraction. If he focused more on health, he will manifest more health in his life. This is an important concept to grasp because it is the difference between you manifesting all your desires and you failing because of all the negative conditioning. Awareness is power Be aware of what you are focusing on in your life. Focus your attention more on achieving your desires and exclude other unnecessary aspects of your life and see the magic of power of focus in manifesting. Focus on being thankful Being grateful for all that you have right now is a powerful feeling that will put you immediately in tune with positive manifesting force of the universe. Take time everyday to be thankful for what you have. On days, you cant see anything to be grateful for, stop, calm down, and ask yourself, If you can be grateful for 3 things in your life right this moment, what would you be grateful for? Learn to see the best in any situation in life instead of focusing on things you dont have. Plan Planning eliminates confusion and gives you direction. Have an end result in mind and write down achievable goals that can help you progress towards the desired end. Practice acceptance Every person is just as he or she is because of his/ her unique past experiences. Be aware of all that happened in your life that made you who you are today. Acknowledge that all your negative and positive conditioning is a result of the unconscious beliefs you have come to accept as truths. Accept yourself for all that you are and accept everybody around you for all that they are. This is powerful because it releases you from the trap of negative memories. Focus on how you would like to be starting from now and only focus on that. Program your subconscious mind for success We all have the same amount of time in a day. Your success depends on how you use this time to focus on your desires and how to manifest them. Take time in your day to quite your mind of the clutter and meditate upon your dreams and desires. Write down specific plans to achieve them. Write down powerful affirmations that you can repeat to clear the negative conditioning and impress your subconscious mind to attract all the necessary resources you need for manifesting your desires. Make a list of your goals and stick the copies of the list in several places where you are likely to go in your home. Always constantly remind yourself of your goals. Keep them fresh in memory. To make time for yourself in a day, turn of all your electronic gadgets and let other people know that you are not available for this particular slot of time. Enter a quite room to work in peace and completely focus on your dreams. No matter how busy your day is, even if you can spare only half an hour, do it. Well known author Catherine Ponder explains Law of Vacuum this way to make room for something, we must have space to fill, meaning we must clear the existing unwanted garbage in our lives. Always remember this vital truth when you, in a day, feel like you are being pulled into some drama that serves no purpose towards the achievement of your goals. The amount of time you allot to manifest your desires determines your progress. Make this time of your day most important and complete all the tasks that you have been procrastinating about. Also, remember to always finish only the tasks can help you progress in terms of achieving your goals. Remember that focusing on too many things will only scatter your mental energy and prevents you from seeing the right opportunity in front of you. Take the example of a fox and the hedgehog. While fox is clever and knows many tricks to use to get a meal, hedgehog is rather dull and but knows one trick, which is to roll into a spiked ball for protection. Fox, even with its many clever ideas and strategies cannot win with the spiked ball and obtain its meal. Hence, the hedgehog always wins. This analogy is very apt in describing the many failed efforts of intelligent people who waste their precious energy doing too many things at a time. One good strategy is always the best to follow instead of diluting effort to make several different clever strategies to work. Focus your energy on one project and finish it completely to your satifaction before you take on the next task. Approach your goals by taking one step at a time. This process can make even the daunting of goals seem achievable. Another important aspect of practicing to focus is to be in the present. Many people spend their time focusing on the past or the future. For achieving any goal, your mind and body should be present now and hence your mind should be focused on the present moment instead of the future. There will be time to reflect on the future and make necessary plans in the present to achieve the desired goals. But when you have tasks you need to finish now, no matter how mundane and intolerable you find the present tasks, perform them being grateful. In summary, human beings are conditioned in such a way that we experience what we focus on in our lives. Hence, it is important for us to learn how to focus on achieving our desires. We must learn to focus on the positive aspects in life that propel us towards achieving all that we desire. To develop this power of focus, we must learn to manage our time properly. We must learn to make time in a day to focus on what is necessary by clearing out the unnecessary through clever discerning skills. But more importantly, we must learn to act and not procrastinate. So, starting right now, decide on a goal that you can achieve in the immediate future. Make a plan on how to achieve this goal based on what resources are available to you at this moment. Make time to work on these plans and complete tasks. Keep repeating powerful affirmations powerfully with feeling to focus on your goals. Be grateful and be consistent with working on your goals until you achieve them. Transform your life by taking action. Manifest all you desires one desire at a time with the power of focus. The Secret of Happiness and Success Most Law of Attraction gurus will tell you the secret to attracting everything you want in life is to think positively about your dreams. They will tell you to expect the best always so that you will receive the best. Although this message has its merit, positive expectation alone cannot materialize what you want in life. Many people failed to manifest their desires by just following the information that was given in The Secret. You think about it, you receive it may be true but Law of Attraction does not work that way. Without right action on your part, you cannot expect to your desires manifest. Inaction does not prepare you for the future. Neither does it take proper precautions to protect you from the present challenges and problems. Only you can do that by making necessary choices and performing necessary actions. Some people are fortunate to have found their purposes in life and making a living out of them. What about the rest of us? Many self-help experts tell us that the secret to happiness is to find our unique purpose in this life and make a life around it. Although this also is a fair point, the problem with finding a purpose is that it takes time. In the mean time, you will have to deal with financial difficulties and other personal problems. Dont get me wrong. It is actually quite noble to develop the strength of character to be able to be satisfied with what you have and be happy despite the circumstances. But this process is also very hard. If you ask a few happy people what is the secret to their happiness, you will often hear one popular answer service is the secret. But what if your life is full of resentment and problems? You can only share what you have abundantly in life. Hence, you would be only sharing more negativity unconsciously. If what you have is abundance in life, it will certainly bring you happiness to share this abundance with the rest in need. So, sharing and social service is really not the number one secret to happiness. What then is the ultimate secret to happiness? It is you. It is your ability to become active in life and become adept at solving your own problems effectively. Nobody can just tell you how to be happy because nobody knows what makes you happy. When you get involved in your own life and work hard at solving your own problems, you slowly gain the ability to deal with daily challenges. As you solve more of your problems, you can start to become happy. Your involvement in your own life is then the true secret to happiness and success. As you become happy and successful, you might feel the need to share this joy with the rest, which will only multiply your own success and happiness. Thinking positively about life comes automatically without any effort and when this attiude is combined with right action; you can expect great results and see all your dreams come true. As you focus on yourself and your own unique talents, being entirely satisfied with your life, you will become free of the limitation of competition. Then, you will experience a different level of joy. What is important to you? Do you know what is important to you in your life? Can you tell me what the values you stick by in your life? Most people cannot answer these questions because they dont know what are their personal values are. They live by other peoples values. For example, an employee who lives according to the values of his employer such as accountability, work ethic, results and profits, might consider he is successful if he can live up to these values and get promoted. But for most people, success means much more than just earning money. Most of us may not define our success by how much we are able to please an employer by living by his values. It is essential to realize that other people have their own values and these values are important and note worthy, especially when these values work to influence in our lives. But the secret to true happiness is to follow our own core values that are important to us. When we prioritize our wishes and values over others values, we start to truly enjoy life. So, take out a paper and write down what is important in your

Effects Of Deforestation :: essays research papers

Effects of Deforestation The subject of deforestation and the effects that it has on the environment have been heavily debated for a long time; particularly over the last few years. Governments and large lumber companies see large profits in the mass deforestation of forests and state that their actions are having few, if any, harmful effects on the environment. Most people disagree with this and think that the environmental effects are devastating and will become irreversibly disastrous in the very near future. Whether or not the pros outweigh the cons will be hotly debated for years to come but the fact is that deforestation is harmful to the environment and leads to declining wildlife populations, drastic changes in climate and loss of soil. The loss of forests means the loss of habitats for many species. Current statistics show that as many as 100 species become extinct every day with a large portion being attributed to deforestation (Delfgaauw, 1996). "Edge effects" are the destruction or degradation of natural habitat that occur on the fringes of fragmented forests. The effects for the animals include greater exposure to the elements (wind, rain etc†¦), other non-forest animals and humans (Dunbar, 1993). This unnatural extinction of species endangers the world's food supply, threatens many human resources and has profound implications for biological diversity. Another negative environmental impact of deforestation is that it causes climate changes all over the world. As we learned in elementary school, plant life is essential to life on earth as it produces much of the oxygen that is required for humans and other organisms to breathe. The massive destruction of trees negatively effects the quantity and quality of the air we breathe which has direct repercussions on the quantity and quality of life among both humans and animals alike. With this reduced amount of vital plant life comes the increase of carbon dioxide levels in the earth's atmosphere. With these increased levels of CO-2 come unnatural changes in weather patterns both locally and globally. "The removal of forests would cause rainfall to decline more than 26%. The average temperature of soil will rise and a decline of 30% in the amount of moisture will evaporate into the atmosphere" (Delfgaauw, 1996). This leads to the global warming phenomenon which is also directly related to the declining amounts of forest areas on the earth. Soil erosion caused by deforestation is also a major concern among even the most amateur environmentalists: "When rain falls, some may sink to the ground, some may run off the surface of the land, and flowing down towards the rivers and some may evaporate.

John Gotti Received More Publicity Any Crime Figure

Differential Association Theory Differential association theory was Sutherland's major sociological contribution to criminology; similar in importance to strain theory and social control theory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of the individual's social relationships. Sutherland's theory departs from the pathological perspective and biological perspective by attributing the cause of crime to the social context of individuals. â€Å"He rejected biological determinism and the extreme individualism of psychiatry, as well as economic explanations of crime.His search for an alternative understanding of crime led to the development of differential association theory. In contrast to both classical and biological theories, differential association theory poses no obvious threats to the humane treatment of those identified as criminals. â€Å"(Gaylord, 1988:1) The principle of differential association asserts that a person becomes delinquent because of an â€Å"excess† o f definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.In other word, criminal behavior emerges when one is exposed to more social message favoring conduct than prosocial messages (Sutherland, 1947). Sutherland argued that the concept of differential association and differential social organization could be applied to the individual level and to aggregation (or group) level respectively. While differential association theory explains why any individual gravitates toward criminal behavior, differential social organization explains why crime rates of different social entities different from each other's.The first explicit statement of the theory of differential association appears in the 1939 edition of Principles of Criminology and in the fourth edition of it, he presented his final theory. His theory has 9 basic postulates. 1. Criminal behavior is learned. This means that criminal behavior is not inherited, as such; also the person who is not al ready trained in crime does not invent criminal behavior. 2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication. This communication is verbal in many cases but includes gestures. 3.The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. Negatively, this means the impersonal communication, such as movies or newspaper play a relatively unimportant part in committing criminal behavior. 4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very simple; (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. 5. The specific direction of the motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.This different context of situation usually is found in US where culture conflict in relation to the legal code exists. 6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions fa vorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law. This is the principle of differential association. When people become criminal, they do so not only because of contacts with criminal patterns but also because of isolation from anticriminal patterns. Negatively, this means that association which are neutral so far as crime is concerned have little or no effect on the genesis of criminal behavior. . Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. Priority seems to be important principally through its selective influence and intensity has to do with such things as the prestige of the source of a criminal or anticriminal pattern and with emotional reactions related to the association. These modalities would be rated in quantitative form and mathematical ratio but development of formula in this sense has not been developed and would be very difficult. 8.The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal a nd anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning. Negatively, this means that the learning of criminal behavior is not restricted to the process of imitation. A person who is seduced, for instance, learns criminal behavior by association, but this would not be ordinarily described as imitation. 9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.Thieves generally steal in order to secure money, but likewise honest laborers work in order to money. The attempts to explain criminal behavior by general drives and values such as the money motive have been, and must completely to be, futile, since they explain lawful behavior as completely as they explain criminal behavior. They are similar to respiration, which is necessary for any behavior, but which does not differentiate criminal from noncri minal behavior. (Sutherland, 1974: 75-76)In summary, he believed that an individual’s associations are determined in a general context of social organization (for instance, family income as a factor of determining residence of family and in many cases, delinquency rate is largely related to the rental value of houses) and thus differential group organization as an explanation of various crime rates is consistent with the differential association theory. (Sutherland, 1974: 77) Much of Sutherland’s theory relied upon the work of Chicago school theorists, Shaw and McKay (1931,1969).According to Shaw and McKay, they found that â€Å"delinquency rates increased as one moved away from the center of the city, and ecological rates of delinquency remained stable over generations despite a complete turnover of ethnic composition and social disorganization explained the high rates of delinquency in the inner-city. † (Matsueda: 1988: 280) As a matter of fact, this statement requires qualification because once you pass through the zone in transition, delinquency rates drop as you move out towards the suburbs.Criticism and Contemporary Views Many criticized Sutherland's differential association theory; supporters argued that criticism often resulted from misinterpretation of Sutherland's theory. Donald R. Cressey argued persuasively that many of the critiques were simply â€Å"literary errors† or misinterpretation on the part of the critics. For example, the theory was judged by critics to be invalid because not everyone who had come into contact with criminals became criminal as a result.This misinterprets the theory's proposition that criminal behavior is learned through differential association (relative exposure to criminal and noncriminal patterns) not simply through any contact with persons who have violated the law. (Akers: 1996:229) However, Cressey also pointed out two major weaknesses of Sutherland's theory. the first problem was that t he concept of â€Å"definitions† in the theory was not precisely defined, and the statement did not give good guidance on how to operationalize the ratio or â€Å"excess of definitions† favorable to criminal behavior over definitions unfavorable to criminal behavior.The second real problem was that it left the learning process unspecified. There is virtually no clue in Sutherland's theory as to what in particular would be included in â€Å"all the mechanisms that are involved in any of other learning (Akers: 1996:229-230) Another important criticism argued that Sutherland's theory is a â€Å"cultural deviance† theory as a way of showing that it made wrong presumptions about human behavior and the role of culture in deviant behavior. Matsueda (1988) believed it â€Å"reduces his (Sutherland’s) theory to a caricature† and Bernard objected to the way in which the cultural deviance label has been applied to the original differential association and so cial learning revision†(Bernard and Snipes, 1995: Vold and Bernard, 1986: 227-229) But Akers denies this criticism as another misinterpretation of Sutherland's theory: According to this critique, differential association/social learning theory rests on the assumption that socialization is completely successful and that cultural variability is unlimited, cannot explain individual differences in deviance within the same group and applies only to group differences, has no way of explaining violation of norms to which the individual subscribes, and proposes culture as the single cause of crime. I conclude that the usual attribution of cultural deviance assumptions and explanation to differential association is based on misinterpretations. (Akers: 1996:229) Merton TheoryLike many sociological theories of crime, Robert Merton’s strain/anomie theory has advanced following the work of Emile Durkheim. In Merton’s theory anomie is very similar to the very meaning of the wo rd strain, as he proposed anomie to be a situation in which societies inadvertently bring to bear pressure, or strain, on individuals that can lead to rule-breaking behavior. This pressure, or strain if you will, is caused by the discrepancy between culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve these goals. To illustrate this Merton argues that the dominant cultural goal in the U. S is the acquisition of wealth, as a message was depicted that happiness often equated with material success which is often associated with wealth.The socially accepted institutionalized manner of achieving these material goals was believed to be hard work and education, meaning it is widely believed that people who apply themselves to study and work will succeed financially and that those who do not succeed are labeled as either lazy or defective. According to Merton, the problem with this type of society is that the legitimate means for achieving material success are not u niformly distributed. In other words, those from wealthier backgrounds have considerably more access to legitimate means than do those who are economically disadvantaged. As a consequence, anomie, or strain, is generated and produces certain ‘modes of adaptation’, or (simply put) coping strategies, that the disadvantaged use to deal with the pressures that are brought to bear on them. Merton identifies five modes of adaptation: conformity, innovation, retreatism, ritualism, and rebellion.According to Merton, the innovator is the most likely to engage in criminal behavior, as the innovator accepts the socially recognized goals of society, but reject the legitimate means to achieve these goals. Consequently, the innovator uses proceeds from crimes such as fraud, theft, and illegal drug dealing to access culturally defined goals. Critique of Strain/Anomie theory Although Merton’s Strain theory continues to play a role in the sociological theorization of crime today, there are limitations to this theory of crime that have been identified. The first critique of this theory, put forth by Albert Cohen, addressed the fact that there is an ample amount of crime/delinquent behavior that is â€Å"non-utilitarian, malicious, and negativistic† (O’Grady, 2011), which highlights that not all crimes are explicable using Merton’s theory.Although Merton could explain crimes such as fraud and theft on the basis of innovation, he is unable to explain youth crimes that are often engaged in for social status rather than material acquisition. Furthermore, Strain/Anomie theory fails to adequately address issues such as race and gender. Additionally, Strain/Anomie theory is unable to explain the phenomena of white collar crime. [edit] Robert DubinRobert Dubin (1959) viewed deviance as a function of society, disputing the assumption that the deviant adaptations to situations of anomie are necessarily harmful to society. For example, an individua l in the ritualistic adaptation is still playing by the rules and taking part in society. The only deviance lies in abandoning one or more of its culturally prescribed goals.Dubin argued that Merton's focus on the relationship between society’s emphasized goals, and institutionalized prescribed means was inadequate. Dubin felt that a further distinction should be made between cultural goals, institutional means and institutional norms because individuals perceive norms subjectively, interpreting them and acting upon them differently. The personal educational experiences, values, and attitudes may predispose an individual to internalize a norm one way. Another individual with different experiences may legitimately internalize the same norm differently. Both may be acting rationally in their own terms, but the resulting behaviour is different.Dubin also extended Merton’s typology to fourteen, with particular interest in Innovation and Ritualism. Merton proposed that the innovative response to strain was accepting the goal, but rejecting the institutionally prescribed means of achieving the goal. The implication seemed to be that that not only did the individual reject the means, he must actively innovate illegitimate means as a substitute which would not always be true. Dubin also thought that a distinction should be made between the actual behaviour of the actor and the values that drove the behaviour. Instead of Innovation, Dubin proposed Behavioural Innovation and Value Innovation.Similarly, in Ritualism, he proposed Behavioural Ritualism and Value Ritualism (Dubin, 1959: 147-149). Merton (1959: 177-189) commented on Dubin’s revisions, claiming that although Dubin did make valid contributions, they took the focus off deviancy. [edit] Robert AgnewIn 1992, Robert Agnew asserted that strain theory could be central in explaining crime and deviance, but that it needed revision so that it was not tied to social class or cultural variables, but re-focused on norms. To this end, Agnew proposed a general strain theory that is neither structural nor interpersonal but rather individual and emotional, paying especial attention to an individual's immediate social environment.He argued that an individual's actual or anticipated failure to achieve positively valued goals, actual or anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli, and actual or anticipated presentation of negative stimuli all result in strain. Anger and frustration confirm negative relationships. The resulting behavior patterns will often be characterized by more than their share of unilateral action because an individual will have a natural desire to avoid unpleasant rejections, and these unilateral actions (especially when antisocial) will further contribute to an individual's alienation from society. If particular rejections are generalized into feelings that the environment is unsupportive, more strongly negative emotions may motivate the individual to engage in crime.This is most likely to be true for younger individuals, and Agnew suggested that research focus on the magnitude, recency, duration, and clustering of such strain-related events to determine whether a person copes with strain in a criminal or conforming manner. Temperament, intelligence, interpersonal skills, self-efficacy, the presence of conventional social support, and the absence of association with antisocial (e. g. , criminally inclined) age and status peers are chief among the factors Agnew identified as beneficial. [edit] Akers' operationalization of Agnew's theory: Sources of strainAkers (2000: 159) has operationalized Agnew's version of the Strain Theory, as follows: Failure to achieve positively valued goals: he gap between expectations and actual achievements will derive from short- and long-term personal goals, and some of those goals will never be realized because of unavoidable circumstances including both inherent weaknesses and opportunities blocked by othe rs; and the difference between the view of what a person believes the outcome should be and what actually results increases personal disappointment. Frustration is not necessarily due to any outside interference with valued goals, but a direct effect on anger, and has indirect effects on serious crime and aggression. Agnew and White (1992) have produced empirical evidence suggesting that general strain theory was positively able to relate delinquents and drug users, and that the strongest effect on the delinquents studied was the delinquency of their peers.They were interested in drug use because it did not appear to represent an attempt to direct anger or escape pain, but â€Å"is used primarily to manage the negative affect caused by strain. † Up to this point, strain theory had been concerned with types of strain rather than sources of strain whereas the stress of events can be shown to interfere with the achievement of natural expectations or just and fair outcomes. These may be significant events or minor â€Å"hassles† that accumulate and demoralize over time. Frustration leads to dissatisfaction, resentment, and anger — all the emotions customarily associated with strain in criminology. It is natural for individuals to feel distress when they are denied just rewards for their efforts when compared to the efforts and rewards given to similar others for similar outcomes.Agnew (1992) treats anger as the most critical emotion since it is almost always directed outwards and is often related to breakdowns in relationships. Research shows that the stress/crime relationship appears to hold regardless of guilt feelings, age, and capacity to cope when events occur simultaneously or in close succession. [edit] Zhang JieThe strain theory of suicide postulates that suicide is usually preceded by psychological strains. A psychological strain is formed by at least two stresses or pressures, pushing the individual to different directions. A strain can be a consequence of any of the four conflicts: differential values, discrepancy between aspiration and reality, relative deprivation, and lack of coping skills for a crisis.Psychological strains in the form of all the four sources have been tested and supported with a sample of suicide notes in the United States and in rural China through psychological autopsy studies. The strain theory of suicide forms a challenge to the psychiatric model popular among the suicidologists in the world. The strain theory of suicide is based on the theoretical frameworks established by previous sociologists, e. g. Durkheim (1951), Merton (1957), and Agnew (2006), and preliminary tests have been accomplished with some American (Zhang and Lester 2008) and Chinese data (Zhang 2010; Zhang, Dong, Delprino, and Zhou 2009; Zhang, Wieczorek, Conwell, and Tu 2011).There could be four types of strain that precede a suicide, and each can be derived from specific sources. A source of strain must consist of tw o, and at least two, conflicting social facts. If the two social facts are non-contradictory, there would be no strain. Strain Source 1: Differential Values When two conflicting social values or beliefs are competing in an individual’s daily life, the person experiences value strain. The two conflicting social facts are competing personal beliefs internalized in the person’s value system. A cult member may experience strain if the mainstream culture and the cult religion are both considered important in the cult member’s daily life.Other examples include the second generation of immigrants in the United States who have to abide by the ethnic culture rules enforced in the family while simultaneously adapting to the American culture with peers and school. In China, rural young women appreciate gender egalitarianism advocated by the communist government, but at the same time, they are trapped in cultural sexual discrimination as traditionally cultivated by Confucia nism. Another example that might be found in developing countries is the differential values of traditional collectivism and modern individualism. When the two conflicting values are taken as equally important in a person’s daily life, the person experiences great strain. When one value is more important than the other, there is then little or no strain. Strain Source 2: Reality vs. AspirationIf there is a discrepancy between an individual’s aspiration or a high goal and the reality the person has to live with, the person experiences aspiration strain. The two conflicting social facts are one’s splendid ideal or goal and the reality that may prevent one from achieving it. An individual living in the United States expects to be very rich or at least moderately successful as other Americans do, but in reality the means to achieve the goal is not equally available to the person because of his/her social status or any other reasons. Aspirations or goals can be a col lege a person aims to get in, an ideal girl a boy wants to marry, and a political cause a person strives for, etc. If the reality is far from the aspiration, the person experiences strain. Another example might be from rural China.A young woman aspiring to equal opportunity and equal treatment may have to live within the traditional and Confucian reality, exemplified by her family and village, which interferes with that goal. The larger the discrepancy between aspiration and reality, the greater the strain will be. Strain Source 3: Relative Deprivation In the situation where an extremely economically poor individual realizes some other people of the same or similar background are leading a much better life, the person experiences deprivation strain. The two conflicting social facts are one’s own miserable life and the perceived richness of comparative others. A person living in absolute poverty, where there is no comparison with others, does not necessarily feel bad, miserabl e, or deprived.On the other hand, if the same poor person understands that other people like him/her live a better life, he or she may feel deprived because of these circumstances. In an economically polarized society where the rich and poor live geographically close to each other, people are more likely to feel this discrepancy. In today’s rural China, television, newspaper, magazines, and radio have brought home to rural youths how relatively affluent urban life is. Additionally, those young people who went to work in the cities (dagong) and returned to the village during holidays with luxury materials and exciting stories make the relative deprivation even more realistically perceived. Increased perception of deprivation indicates relatively greater strain for individuals. Strain Source 4: Deficient CopingFacing a life crisis, some individuals are not able to cope with it, and then they experience coping strain. The two conflicting social facts are life crisis and the appr opriate coping capacity. All people who have experienced crises do not experience strain. A crisis may be a pressure or stress in daily life, and those individuals who are not able to cope with the crisis have strain. Such crises as loss of money, loss of status, loss of face, divorce, death of a loved one, etc. may lead to serious strain in the person who does not know how to cope with these negative life events. A high school boy who is constantly bullied and ridiculed by peers may experience great strain if he does not know how to deal with the situation.Likewise, a Chinese rural young woman who is frequently wronged by her mother-in-law may have strain if she is not psychologically ready to cope with a different situation by seeking support from other family members and the village. The less capable the coping skills, the stronger the strain when a crisis takes place. [edit] ReferencesO'Grady W. (2011). â€Å"Crime in Canadian Context. † Strain/anomie theory 92-94 Agnew, R. (1992). â€Å"Foundation for a General Strain Theory. † Criminology 30(1), 47-87 Agnew, R. & White, H. (1992). â€Å"An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory. † Criminology 30(4): 475-99. Agnew, R. (1997). â€Å"The Nature and Determinants of Strain: Another Look at Durkheim and Merton. † Pp. 7-51 in The Future of Anomie Theory, edited by R. Agnew and N. Passas. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Agnew, R. (2009). â€Å"Revitalizing Merton: General Strain Theory. † Advances in Criminological Theory: The Origins of American Criminology, Volume 16, edited by F. T. Cullen, F. Adler, C. L. Johnson, and A. J. Meyer. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Akers, R. (2000). Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. Los Angeles: Roxbury. Cloward, R. (1959). â€Å"Illegitimate Means, Anomie and Deviant Behavior. † American Sociological Review 24(2): 164- 76. Cloward, R. & Ohlin, L. (1960). Delinquency and Opportunity. NY: Free Pr ess. Cohen, A. (1955). Delinquent Boys.NY: Free Press. Cohen, A. (1965). â€Å"The Sociology of the Deviant Act: Anomie Theory and Beyond. † American Sociological Review 30: 5-14. Cohen, A. (1977). â€Å"The Concept of Criminal Organization. † British Journal of Criminology 17: 97-111. Dubin, R. (1959) â€Å"Deviant Behavior and Social Structure: Continuities in Social Theory. † American Sociological Review 24:147-163. Durkheim, E. (1897/1997). Suicide. NY: Free Press. Featherstone, R. & Deflem, M. (2003). â€Å"Anomie and Strain: Context and Consequences of Merton's Two Theories. † Sociological Inquiry 73(4):471-489. Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.Marwah, Sanjay, and Mathieu Deflem. 2006. †Revisiting Merton: Continuities in the Theory of Anomie-and-Opportunity-Structures. † Pp. 57-76 in Sociological Theory and Criminological Research: Views from Europe and the United States, ed. M. Deflem. Amsterdam: Elsevier/JAI Press. Messner, S ; Rosenfeld, R. (1994). Crime and the American Dream. Belmont: Wadsworth. Polk, K. (1969). â€Å"Class, Strain and Rebellion Among Adolescents. † Social Problems 17: 214-24. Polk, K. , ; Schafer, W. (eds. ). (1972). Schools and Delinquency. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Agnew, Robert. 2006. â€Å"General Strain Theory: Current Status and Directions for Further Research. † Pp. 01-123 in Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory-Advances in Criminological Theory, edited by F. T. Cullen, J. P. Wright, and K. Blevins. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Durkheim, Emile. 1951. Suicide: A Study in Sociology. New York: Free Press (Original work published in 1897). IOM, (Institute of Medicine). 2002. Reducing suicide: An American imperative. Washington, D. C. : National Academy Press. Mann, J. J. , C. Waternaux, G. L. Haas, and K. M. Malone. 1999. â€Å"Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. à ¢â‚¬  American Journal of Psychiatry 156:181-189. Merton, R. K. 1957. Social Theory and Social Structure, rev. ed. New York: Free Press. NIMH. 2003.Research on Reduction and Prevention of Suicidality: National Institute of Mental Health. Phillips, Michael R, Gonghuan Yang, Yanping Zhang, L. Wang, H. Ji, and M. Zhou. 2002. â€Å"Risk factors for suicide in China: a national case-control psychological autopsy study. † The Lancet 360:1728-1736. Spitzer, R. L. , J. B. W. Williams, M. Gibbon, and A. B. First. 1988. Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID, 6/1/88 Revision). New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute. Zhang, Jie. 2010. â€Å"Marriage and Suicide among Chinese Rural Young Women. † Social Forces 89:311-326. Zhang, Jie, Nini Dong, Robert Delprino, and Li Zhou. 2009. Psychological Strains Found From In-Depth Interviews With 105 Chinese Rural Youth Suicides. † Archives of Suicide Resea rch 13:185 – 194. Zhang, Jie and Shenghua Jin. 1998. â€Å"Interpersonal relations and suicide ideation in China. † Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 124:79-94. Zhang, Jie and David Lester. 2008. â€Å"Psychological Tensions Found in Suicide Notes: A Test for the Strain Theory of Suicide. † Archives of Suicide Research 12:67-73. Zhang, Jie, William F. Wieczorek, Yeates Conwell, and Xin Ming Tu. 2011. â€Å"Psychological strains and youth suicide in rural China. † Social Science & Medicine 72:2003-2010. Zhang, Jie. 2000. â€Å"Gender differences in athletic performance and their

Accounting for Decision Making Essay

Transfer Pricing 1. Calculate the increase or decrease in profits for the three divisions and the company as a whole (four separate computations) if the agreement is enforced. Explain your thought process, comment on the situation, and make a  suggestion based on the computations you have made. Given that we have the operating costs of Division C, we can calculate their loss from reduced output. In the case of Division A and Division B, the reduction in cost related to lower outside cost would be considered profit change. The proposal increases profit, but leaves Division C under-utilized. The fixed cost of under utilization would have to be considered before I would suggest the Company go to the new proposal. My suggestion is to go ahead with the new proposal and increase Division C output and sell to outside customers. 2. Evaluate and discuss the implications of the following transfer pricing policies. Transfer pricing policies should include a fixed cost portion of the internal supplier to identify the true cost. Profit taken by the internal supplier is overall company profit. By using a standard costing process, the internal supplier would be expected to keep efficiency at standard. In this case. Division C had profit from part 101 at $300 per unit and part 201 at $800 per unit. If the fixed cost of Division C were included in the transfer price, it would not be necessary to identify a profit per part. a. Transfer price = cost plus a mark-up for the selling division This policy provides contribution to the cost of the selling division. The mark up must be appropriate to nulify the cost of the selling department, but not to make the selling department a high proofit center. b. Transfer price = fair market value This policy will force profit to be declared within the selling division and may or may not provide a means of tracking efficiency. If the fair market value generates a lot of profit for the company this should be used. c. Transfer price = price negotiated by the managers See more: Unemployment – problems and solutions essay This is a policy that can create challenging and meaningful relationships between departments. Since the price is negotiated, the result would be benefitial for the company and would encourage competition between divisions. Although the ending price should be less than fair market value. 3. Why is transfer pricing such a significant issue both from a financial and managerial perspective? From a financial perspective, transfer pricing can help improve profits and allows the company more control of quality which would improve profits. It does casue additional financial reporting  for the selling division. From a managerial perspective transfer pricing can create a competitive environment within the company resulting in lower cost and higher profit. It can cause problems if one department is making more profit than another, unless it is clearly identified as efficiency variance. In managerial accounting, when different divisions of a multi-entity company are in charge of their own profits, they are also responsible for their own â€Å"Return on Invested Capital†. Therefore, when divisions are required to transact with each other, a transfer price is used to determine costs. Transfer prices tend not to differ much from the price in the market because one of the entities in such a transaction will lose out: they will either be buying for more than the prevailing market price or selling below the market price, and this will affect their performance. Division C data 2012 Proposed Part DM DL VOH TP AnVol Cost of Unit Unit Profit Total Profit Volume Profit Lost Profit 101 $200 $200 $300 $1,000 3000 $700 $300 $900,000 2000 $600,000 $300,000 201 $300 $300 $600 $2,000 1000 $1,200 $800 $800,000 500 $400,000 $400,000 $1,700,000 $1,000,000 $700,000 101 201 Outside Required Unit Cost Outside $ Profit Current A 3000 1000 4000 $900 $900,000 B 1000 1000 2000 $1,900 $1,900,000 C 3000 1000 4000 Proposed A 2000 2000 4000 $1,800,000 $900,000 B 500 1500 2000 $2,850,000 $950,000 C 2000 500 2500 Change in Profit Follow formula path for further explanation Division A $900,000 Division B $950,000 Division C ($700,000) Total Company $1,150,000 Source: Investopedia.com

An Artificial Satellite

An Artificial Satellite An artificial satellite is an object that has been put into orbit in outer space by human effort. A remote sensing satellite contains within it sensors that enable it to collect information about an object without physical contact with the object.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on An Artificial Satellite specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are two types of sensors i.e. passive sensors and active sensors. Passive sensors are designed to acquire information about natural phenomena while active sensors acquire information concerning artificial objects. The following is a compilation of some import satellites: ‘SPOT’ boasts two high resolution geometrical (HRG) instruments which offer high resolutions of between two and a half, and five meters (in panchromatic mode), and ten meters (in multispectral mode), twenty meters (on short wave infrared). Due to its high resolution capabilities, the SPOT-5 can be used in monitoring and assessment of crops (F. Achard, 1995). ‘LANDSAT 7’- it was equipped with both MSS and TM sensors. It has a panchromatic band with fifteen meters (49 feet) spatial resolution (band 8), (reflected light) bands in the spectrum of blue, green, red, near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared (MIR) with thirty meters (98 feet) spatial resolution (bands 1-5, 7), and a thermal infrared channel with sixty meters spatial resolution (band 6). The Landsat 7 was designed to capture and refresh cloud-free images of the earth (Irons, 2013). ‘NOAA’ is equipped with AVHRR/2 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer), TOVS, SSU, and MSU sensors. The instruments on NOAA observe the earth’s cloud cover and temperature changes to study climate change patterns. Other applications for the sensors include the surveillance of land terrain and oceans. The AVHRR instruments are currently capable of capturing ground images with resolutions of up to 1100 m eters (National Environmental Satellite, Data, And information Service , 2013). ‘IKONOS’- boasts spoting 0.8 meters panchromatic (1-meter PAN), four meter multispectral (4m MS), and a one meter pan-sharpened (1-m PS) sensors (Kramer, 2002). It was created with the main purpose of capturing high-resolution images of the earth. ‘ADEOS 2’ was designed to monitor the biomass in the carbon cycle, earth’s water cycle and the trends in climate variation. To do this it was loaded with an Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS), an Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (AVNIR), Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS), Retroreflector in Space (RIS), Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), and Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases (IMG) sensors (Earth observation satellite, 2003). ‘RADARSAT’- this Satellite has a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Its highest resolution is one meter in Spotlight mode, three meters in Ultra Fi ne mode with a hundred meter positional accuracy requirement (Radsat-2, 2011). Radarsat is implemented in marine surveillance, mapping, and monitoring of resources. ‘Quickbird’- this satellite is capable of capturing high quality and high-resolution images (between 2.4 meters to 2.8 meters), thanks to its PAN (panchromatic) sensor. Due to the high level of detail that can be captured, the images are mainly utilized in map making, and mapping of resources. Satellites provide useful and accurate information that would otherwise be inaccessible; this has led to increased safety and efficiency in human activities. The integration of Global Positioning Systems into portable devices is the most is a good example. With the information collected by these satellites governments have been able to predict natural disasters and take preemptive measures, thereby avoiding human suffering and massive loss of life. Refrences Earth observation satellite. (2003). Web. F. Achard, J. M. ( 1995). A Mission for the Global Monitoring of the Continental Biosphere. Web. Irons, J. R. (2013). about. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Web. Kramer, H. J. (2002). Survey of missions and sensors. Observation of the earth and its environment (p. 286).Advertising Looking for assessment on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More National Environmental Satellite, Data, And information Service . (2013). NOAA Satellite and Information Service. Web. Radsat-2. (2011). Canadian Space Agancy. Web.

50 Great Argumentative Essay Topics for Any Assignment

50 Great Argumentative Essay Topics for Any Assignment SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips At some point, you’re going to be asked to write an argumentative essay. An argumentative essay is exactly what it sounds like- an essay in which you’ll be making an argument, using examples and research to back up your point. But not all argumentative essay topics are created equal. Not only do you have to structure your essay right to have a good impact on the reader, but even your choice of subject can impact how readers feel about your work. In this article, we’ll cover the basics of writing argumentative essays, including what argumentative essays are, how to write a good one, and how to pick a topic that works for you. Then check out a list of argumentative essay ideas to help you get started. What Is an Argumentative Essay? An argumentative essay is one that makes an argument through research. These essays take a position and support it through evidence, but, unlike many other kinds of essays, they are interested in expressing a specific argument supported by research and evidence. A good argumentative essay will be based on established or new research rather than only on your thoughts and feelings. Imagine that you’re trying to get your parents to raise your allowance, and you can offer one of two arguments in your favor: You should raise my allowance because I want you to. You should raise my allowance because I’ve been taking on more chores without complaining. The first argument is based entirely in feelings without any factual backup, whereas the second is based on evidence that can be proven. Your parents are more likely to respond positively to the second argument because it demonstrates that you have done something to earn the increased allowance. Similarly, a well-researched and reasoned argument will show readers that your point has a basis in fact, not just feelings. The standard five-paragraph essay is common in writing argumentative essays, but it’s not the only way to write one. An argumentative essay is typically written in one of two formats, the Toulmin model or the Rogerian model. The Toulmin model is the most common, comprised of an introduction with a claim (otherwise known as a thesis), with data to support it. This style of essay will also include rebuttals, helping to strengthen your argument by anticipating counterarguments. The Rogerian model analyzes two sides of an argument and reaches a conclusion after weighing the strengths and weaknesses of each. Both essay styles rely on well-reasoned logic and supporting evidence to prove a point, just in two different ways. The important thing to note about argumentative essays as opposed to other kinds of essays is that they aim to argue a specific point rather than to explain something or to tell a story. While they may have some things in common with analytical essays, the primary difference is in their objective- an argumentative essay aims to convince someone of something, whereas an analytical essay contextualizes a topic with research. If all goes well, your essay could be in a book like this! What Makes a Good Argumentative Essay? To write an effective argumentative essay, you need to know what a good one looks like. In addition to a solid structure, you’ll need an argument, a strong thesis, and solid research. An Argument Unlike other forms of essays, you are trying to convince your reader of something. You’re not just teaching them a concept or demonstrating an idea- you’re constructing an argument to change the readers’ thinking. You’ll need to develop a good argument, which encompasses not just your main point, but also all the pieces that make it up. Think beyond what you are saying and include how you’re saying it. How will you take an idea and turn it into a complex and well thought out argument that is capable of changing somebody’s mind? A Strong Thesis The thesis is the core of your argument. What specific message are you trying to get across? State that message in one sentence, and that will be your thesis. This is the foundation on which your essay is built, so it needs to be strong and well-reasoned. You need to be able to expand on it with facts and sources, not just feelings. Research A good argumentative essay isn’t just based on your individual thoughts, but research. That can be citing sources and other arguments or it can mean direct research in the field, depending on what your argument is and the context in which you are arguing it. Be prepared to back your thesis up with reporting from scientific journals, newspapers, or other forms of research. Having well-researched sources will help support your argument better than hearsay or assumptions. If you can’t find enough research to back up your point, it’s worth reconsidering your thesis or conducting original research, if possible. How to Come Up With an Argumentative Essay Topic Sometimes you may find yourself arguing things you don’t necessarily believe. That’s totally fine- you don’t actually have to wholeheartedly believe in what you’re arguing in order to construct a compelling argument. However, if you have free choice of topic, it’s a good idea to pick something you feel strongly about. There are two key components to a good argumentative essay: a strong stance, and an assortment of evidence. If you’re interested and feel passionate about the topic you choose,you'll have an easier time findingevidence to supportit, but it's the evidence that's most important. So, to choose a topic, think about things you feel strongly about, whether positively or negatively. You can make a list of ideas and narrow those down to a handful of things, then expand on those ideas with a few potential points you want to hit on. For example, say you’re trying to decide whether you should write about how your neighborhood should ban weed killer, that your school’s lunch should be free for all students, or that the school day should be cut by one hour. To decide between these ideas, you can make a list of three to five points for each that cover the different evidence you could use to support each point. For the weed killer ban, you could say that weed killer has been proven to have adverse impacts on bees, that there are simple, natural alternatives, and that weeds aren’t actually bad to have around. For the free lunch idea, you could suggest that some students have to go hungry because they can’t afford lunch, that funds could be diverted from other places to support free lunch, and that other items, like chips or pizza, could be sold to help make up lost revenue. And for the school day length example, you could argue that teenagers generally don’t get enough sleep, that you have too much homework and not enough time to do it, and that teenagers don’t spend enough time with their families. You might find as you make these lists that some of them are stronger than others. The more evidence you have and the stronger you feel that that evidence is, the better the topic. Of course, if you feel that one topic may have more evidence but you’d rather not write about it, it’s okay to pickanother topic instead. When you’re making arguments, it can be much easier to find strong points and evidence if you feel passionate aboutour topic than if you don't. 50 Argumentative Essay Topic Ideas If you’re struggling to come up with topics on your own, read through this list of argumentative essay topics to help get you started! Science Should fracking be legal? Should parents be able to modify their unborn children? Do GMOs help or harm people? Should vaccinations be required for students to attend public school? Should world governments get involved in addressing climate change? Technology Should Facebook be allowed to collect data from its users? Should self-driving cars be legal? Is it ethical to replace human workers with automation? Should there be laws against using cell phones while driving? Has the internet positively or negatively impacted human society? Sports Should college athletes be paid for being on sports teams? Should coaches and players make the same amount of money? Should sports be segregated by gender? Should the concept of designated hitters in baseball be abolished? Should US sports take soccer more seriously? Religion Should religious organizations have to pay taxes? Should religious clubs be allowed in schools? Should â€Å"one nation under God† be in the pledge of allegiance? Should religion be taught in schools? Should clergy be allowed to marry? Health Should minors be able to purchase birth control without parental consent? Should the US switch to single-payer healthcare? Should assisted suicide be legal? Should dietary supplements and weight loss items like teas be allowed to advertise through influencers? Should doctors be allowed to promote medicines? Government/Politics Is the electoral college an effective system for modern America? Should Puerto Rico become a state? Should voter registration be automatic? Should people in prison be allowed to vote? Should Supreme Court justices be elected? Ethics Should sex work be legalized? Should Columbus Day be replaced with Indigenous Peoples’ Day? Should the death penalty be legal? Should animal testing be allowed? Should drug possession be decriminalized? Economic Should unpaid internships be legal? Should minimum wage be increased? Should monopolies be allowed? Is universal basic income a good idea? Should corporations have a higher or lower tax rate? Education Are school uniforms a good idea? Should PE affect a student’s grades? Should college be free? Should Greek life in colleges be abolished? Should students be taught comprehensive sex ed? Arts/Culture Should graffiti be considered art or vandalism? Should books with objectionable words be banned? Should content on YouTube be better regulated? Is art education important? Should art and music sharing online be allowed? Speaking from authority is great for enhancing your argument- as is being a cat. How to Argue Effectively A strong argument isn’t just about having a good point. If you can’t support that point well, your argument falls apart. One of the most important things you can do in writing a strong argumentative essay is organizing well. Your essay should have a distinct beginning, middle, and end, better known as the introduction, body and opposition, and conclusion. This example follows the Toulmin model- if your essay follows the Rogerian model, the same basic premise is true, but your thesis will instead propose two conflicting viewpoints that will be resolved through evidence in the body, with your conclusion choosing the stronger of the two arguments. Introduction Hook Your hook should draw the reader’s interest immediately. Questions are a common way of getting interest, as well as evocative language or a strong statistic Background Don’t assume that your audience is already familiar with your topic. Give them some background information, such as a brief history of the issue or some additional context. Thesis Your thesis is the crux of your argument. In an argumentative essay, your thesis should be clearly outlined so that readers know exactly what point you’ll be making. Don’t explain all your evidence in the opening, but do take a strong stance and make it clear what you’ll be discussing. Body Claims Your claims are the ideas you’ll use to support your thesis. For example, if you’re writing about how your neighborhood shouldn’t use weed killer, your claim might be that it’s bad for the environment. But you can’t just say that on its own- you need evidence to support it. Evidence Evidence is the backbone of your argument. This can be things you glean from scientific studies, newspaper articles, or your own research. You might cite a study that says that weed killer has an adverse effect on bees, or a newspaper article that discusses how one town eliminated weed killer and saw an increase in water quality. These kinds of hard evidence support your point with demonstrable facts, strengthening your argument. Opposition In your essay, you want to think about how the opposition would respond to your claims and respond to them. Don’t pick the weakest arguments, either- figure out what other people are saying and respond to those arguments with clearly reasoned arguments. Demonstrating that you not only understand the opposition’s point, but that your argument is strong enough to withstand it, is one of the key pieces to a successful argumentative essay. Conclusion Conclusions are a place to clearly restate your original point, because doing so will remind readers exactly what you’re arguing and show them how well you’ve argued that point. Summarize your main claims by restating them, though you don’t need to bring up the evidence again. This helps remind readers of everything you’ve said throughout the essay. End by suggesting a picture of a world in which your argument and action are ignored. This increases the impact of your argument and leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Key Tips A strong argumentative essay is one with good structure and a strong argument, but there are a few other things you can keep in mind to further strengthen yourpoint. Focus When you’re crafting an argument, it can be easy to get distracted by all the information and complications in your argument. It’s important to stay focused- be clear in your thesis andhone in on claims that directly support that thesis. Be Rational It’s important that your claims and evidence be based in facts, not just opinion. That’s why it’s important to use reliable sources based in science and reporting- otherwise, it’s easy for people to debunk your arguments. Don’t rely solely on your feelings about the topic. If you can’t back a claim up with real evidence, it leaves room for counterarguments you may not anticipate. Make sure that you can support everything you say with clear and concrete evidence, and your claims will be a lot stronger! What’s Next? No matter what kind of essay you're writing, a strong plan will help you have a bigger impact. This guide to writing a college essay is a great way to get started on your essay organizing journey! Brushing up on your essay format knowledge to prep for the SAT? Check out this list of SAT essay prompts to help you kickstart your studying! A bunch of great essay examples can help you aspire to greatness, but bad essays can also be a warning for what not to do. This guide to bad college essays will help youbetter understand common mistakes to avoid in essay writing! Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Melissa Brinks About the Author Melissa Brinks graduated from the University of Washington in 2014 with a Bachelor's in English with a creative writing emphasis. She has spent several years tutoring K-12 students in many subjects, including in SAT prep, to help them prepare for their college education. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Business munciation for Non-Verbal

As the workplace b es a more plex place with myriad of inter-relationships and   work being assigned mostly in teams rather than to individuals, the significance of munication is perhaps more significant than ever (Fielding, 2006). However, when we consider munication, the focus tends to be too much on the verbal aspects which are where all the training is majorly focused on. In the process, a major aspect of munication which constitutes of non-verbal munication is ignored. However, it is noteworthy that majority (i.e. about 80%) of the munication that a person engages in is through non –verbal munication. Here essentially no words are spoken but essentially through the use of gestures, symbols and body language pivotal munication is facilitated (Bonaccio et. al., 2016). The objective of the given essay is to highlight the significance of non-verbal munication or cues and how potentially this mode of munication is more critical than the verbal aspect of munication in the wor kplace context. As highlighted above, a large majority of the munication an individual typically indulges is in the form of non-verbal munication facilitated primarily through the use of body language. Further, in the workplace, the non-verbal munication is given more importance than the verbal munication. This is primarily because while the verbal munication is controlled by the conscious mind, the non-verbal munication is highly more spontaneously and at times the gestures an individual engages in, even he/she may not be aware of the same but it municates vital information to the other party (Means, 2009). Hence, it is a mon practice at workplace when there is lack of consistency between the verbal and non-verbal aspects of munication; it is the latter which is accorded more weightage. This is primarily because the verbal munication is often driven by diplomacy and other factors and thus is paratively much easier to manipulate in parison with the non-verbal munication which as mentioned before ten ds to take place spontaneously and hence less prone to conscious manipulation.   As a result, in various situations, individuals tend to be driven more by the non-verbal munication rather than the verbal munication (Lunenburg, 2010). Consider for example, an HR manager is taking an interview for a potential recruit. It is a mon practice on the part of the candidates to claim that they have all the requisite qualities and to endorse themselves. However, there are subtle non-verbal clues which the interviewers tend to grasp which indicates that the claim made by the candidate may not be entirely true and provides avenues for further probing so as to recruit the right candidate for the available vacancy. This interaction between the verbal and non-verbal modes of munication is frequent at the workplace and plays a critical role in the manner in which the messages are interpreted at the workplace. Usually, the message municated through verbal munication need requisite support of non-verbal munication in order to make sense to the receiver and hence ensure that munication is effective (Mcintosh and Luecke, 2008). Further, as a supervisor or manager, it is imperative to pay attention to the non-verbal munication which more often than not is more vital than the verbal munication. One of the situations that non-verbal munication is of particular importance is contradiction (Fielding, 2006). For instance, the manager floats a new proposal based on which, certain employees every week would be required to e on weekends to the office. When the supervisor asks for the suggestion from the employees, it is possible that due to the higher authority that he/she represents, the employees may be resultant to voice their dissent and thus may agree to it. But the manner in which this agreement is municated coupled with various other cues such as the body language after the proposal has been floated around would provide key indicators as to whether there is actual consent or not (Guffey and Loewy, 2009). Usually, this is imperative as taking initiatives would typically involve costs and resource allocation an d hence it is imperative that the same should have backing of the underlying subjects for whose benefit it is being done. This could be true for various training initiatives that may be taken for the employees which do not yield much improvement in performance since from the beginning there might have been lack of enthusiasm but still for fear of repercussions, no concern would have been raised by any employee (Bonaccio et. al., 2016). Additionally, non-verbal munication plays a critical role in reinforcement which is critical when a given individual is presenting a new proposal to a client. Through non-verbal munication, the extent of conviction that the person concerned presenting the idea has can be indicated which goes a long way in convincing the client (Lunenburg, 2010). If on one hand, there is a sales pitch for a product, service or business idea but an inconsistent body language shows reluctance or doubts with regards to critical aspects of the underlying good, then it is highly likely that sale would not happen as reinforcement was missing from the end of the presenter. Non-verbal munication also plays a vital role in ascertaining the level of understanding the employees or team members are experiencing without actually disturbing the group (Mcintosh and Luecke, 2008). For instance, imagine a situation where the project manager is briefing the team members about a particular new project whereby the team m embers can be nodding indicate to the project manager that they are actually able to understand what is being said by the project manager and in the process there is no interruption for the project manager. This is also applicable in case of various presentations that may be made to senior management or clients where the concerned individual may look for subtle non-verbal clues to ascertain if he/she is one the right track or not and whether the intended audience is able to resonate with the viewpoints captured by the speaker (Fielding, 2006). Besides, non-verbal munication goes a long way in the expression of subtle emotions which are considered vital at the business place. This is particularly significant in dealing with the concerns and grievances of the employees (Bonaccio et. al., 2016).. As a result, non-verbal munication is highly critical for the role of a human resource manager. Irrespective of the final solution to the problem, it is essential that the HR manager must show sensitivity towards the employee and make attempts to understand the perspective of the employees. The sensitivity on part of the HR is usually indicated through the non verbal munication which would employ gestures during listening which essentially are meant to pacify the employee so that he/she can vent out the frustration (Means, 2009). Unlike personal relations, where emotions are expressed by a greater use of verbal munication, professional relationships are characterized by expressions of emotions more at the level of non-verbal municati on.   This makes the non-verbal munication even more vital for the workplace for it essentially b es a humane place where gestures by individuals are considered critical for the overall munication (Lunenburg, 2010). This empathy which is municated through non-verbal munication is the lynchpin of service businesses whose success rests on the same. The employees intend to provide a superior service experience to the customers through the use of various friendly gestures such as greeting customers,   having a smile while talking or otherwise also, voluntarily extending help to clients which help as key differentiators of service between rival firms. A service firm without the requisite non-verbal munication would be destined to fail as the requisite warmth would never been able to municate to the client (Fielding, 2006). This is b ing more apparent with the advent of online shopping and services where customers tend to miss the personal touch and the non-verbal munication which the concerned person at the store would display through various gestures. Additionally, the lack of non-verbal munication tends to prove a hurdle in virtual teams where the munication is through verbal messages but are fou nd to be less effective and results is greater issues of coordination since non-verbal munication provides appropriate context to the verbal munication by either reinforcement or contradiction (Guffey and Loewy, 2008). Based on the above discussion, it is apparent that non-verbal munication plays a larger role than verbal munication at the workplace. One of the reasons that is responsible for the same is the fact that verbal munication is more open to manipulation unlike non-verbal munication which is more intuitive and spontaneous and hence more representative of the true feedback of the listener. Concentrating on non-verbal munication is pivotal for the managers so as to understand the reactions of their team members about various proposals which otherwise may not be represented in verbal munication. This also plays a crucial role for the HR manger who effectively relies on the same to placate the employees and thereby enhance the overall employee satisfaction. Also, with regards to clients or customers, non-verbal munication can be the key differentiator especially in the service business. Thus, it would be fair to establish while non-verbal munication can exist in isolation, it is typically not possible for the verbal munication to exist and make sense in the absence of non-verbal munication which is apparent in the case of virtual teams and the underlying issues faced. Bonaccio, S., Reilly, J., Sullivan, S. and Chiocchio, F. (2016)Nonverbal Behaviour and munication in the Workplace: A review and an Agenda for Research, Journal of Management, 42(6) pp.14-17. Fielding, M. (2006) Effective munication in organisations. 4th edn.Claremont: Juta and pany Ltd. Guffey, E. M. and Loewy, D. (2014) Business munication: Process and Product. 8th edn.Boston:Cengage Learning. Lunenburg, C.F.(2010) Lounder Than Words: The Hidden Power of Nonverbal munication in the Workplace. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 12(1), pp. 3-5. Mcintosh, P. and Luecke, A. R. (2008) Interpersonal munication Skills in the Workplace.2nd edn.New York: AM Div American Mgmt Assn. Means, T. (2009) Business munication.2nd edn.Boston: Cengage Learning.